This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 9005, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any), and Conference Committee listing.

Spherical reflector had been used to recycle light in LEDs so as to increase the brightness of the system. The LED is placed at the center of curvature of the spherical reflector and the emitted light is reflected back to the LED itself by the spherical reflector. For single color LED place at the center, this system will suffice. But for multiple LEDs of different colors, due to imaging property of the spherical reflector, the image of a chip is imaged diagonally to the opposite side of the center of curvature, and not onto itself. As a result, recycling can only occur on symmetrically placed LEDs with different colors. A parabolic reflector system with two reflections is described here such that the output from a LED is reflected back to itself. When it is placed at the proximity of the center of curvature, there will be minimum distortion with higher recycling efficiency. The single reflection from a spherical is analogous to a single lens producing inverted images. The two reflections from this parabolic reflector system is similar to imaging with two lenses where the image become upright. Such system will be very applicable to LED packages with multiple LEDs, for example, RGBW, RGGB, etc. used in entertainment lighting systems.

Three-dimensional (3D) display has become an increasingly important technology trend for information display applications. Dozens of different 3D display solutions have been proposed. The autostereoscopic 3D display based on lenticular microlens array is a promising approach, and fast-switching microlens array enables this system to display both 3D and conventional 2D images. Here we report two different fast-response microlens array designs. The first one is a blue phase liquid crystal lens driven by the Pedot: PSS resistive film electrodes. This BPLC lens exhibits several attractive features, such as polarization insensitivity, fast response time, simple driving scheme, and relatively low driving voltage, as compared to other BPLC lens designs. The second lens design has a double-layered structure. The first layer is a polarization dependent polymer microlens array, and the second layer is a thin twisted-nematic (TN) liquid crystal cell. When the TN cell is switched on/off, the traversing light through the polymeric lens array is either focused or defocused, so that 2D/3D images are displayed correspondingly. This lens design has low driving voltage, fast response time, and simple driving scheme. Simulation and experiment demonstrate that the performance of both switchable lenses meet the requirement of 3D display system design.

Optical characterization of multi-view auto-stereoscopic displays is realized using high angular resolution viewing angle measurements and imaging measurements. View to view and global qualified binocular viewing space are computed from viewing angle measurements and verified using imaging measurements. Crosstalk uniformity is also deduced and related to display imperfections.

Mobile video and gaming are now widely used, and delivery of a glass-free 3D experience is of both research and development interest. The key drawbacks of a conventional 3D display based on a static lenticular lenslet array and parallax barriers are low resolution, limited viewing angle and reduced brightness, mainly because of the need of multiple-pixels for each object point. This study describes the concept and performance of pixel-level cylindrical liquid crystal (LC) lenses, which are designed to steer light to the left and right eye sequentially to form stereo parallax. The width of the LC lenses can be as small as 20-30 μm, so that the associated auto-stereoscopic display will have the same resolution as the 2D display panel in use. Such a thin sheet of tunable LC lens array can be applied directly on existing mobile displays, and can deliver 3D viewing experience while maintaining 2D viewing capability. Transparent electrodes were laser patterned to achieve the single pixel lens resolution, and a high birefringent LC material was used to realise a large diffraction angle for a wide field of view. Simulation was carried out to model the intensity profile at the viewing plane and optimise the lens array based on the measured LC phase profile. The measured viewing angle and intensity profile were compared with the simulation results.

The unrivalled integration potential of CMOS has made it the dominant technology for digital integrated circuits. With the advent of visible light emission from silicon through hot carrier electroluminescence, several applications arose, all of which rely upon the advantages of mature CMOS technologies for a competitive edge in a very active and attractive market. In this paper we present a low-cost night vision viewer which employs only standard CMOS technologies. A commercial CMOS imager is utilized for near infrared image capturing with a 128x96 pixel all-CMOS microdisplay implemented to convey the image to the user. The display is implemented in a standard 0.35 μm CMOS process, with no process alterations or post processing. The display features a 25 μm pixel pitch and a 3.2 mm x 2.4 mm active area, which through magnification presents the virtual image to the user equivalent of a 19-inch display viewed from a distance of 3 meters. This work represents the first application of a CMOS microdisplay in a low-cost consumer product.

Laser excited phosphor has been used to excite phosphor material, producing high intensity light output with smaller etendue than that of LEDs with the same long lifetime. But due to the high intensity of the laser light, phosphor with organic binder burns at low power, which requires the phosphor to be deposited on a rotating wheel in practical applications. Phosphor with inorganic binders, commonly known as ceramic phosphor, on the other hand, does not burn, but efficiency goes down as temperature goes up under high power excitation. This paper describes cooling schemes in sealed chambers such that the phosphor materials using organic or inorganic binders can be liquid cooled for high efficiency operations. Confined air bubbles are introduced into the sealed chamber accommodating the differential thermal expansion of the liquid and the chamber. For even higher power operation suitable for digital cinema, a suspension of phosphor in liquid is described suitable for screen brightness of over 30,000 lumens. The aging issues of phosphor can also be solved by using replaceable phosphor cartridges.

Polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystal (BPLC) has become an increasingly important technology trend for information display and photonic applications. BPLC exhibits several attractive features, such as reasonably wide temperature range, submillisecond gray-to-gray response time, no need for alignment layer, optically isotropic voltageoff state, and large cell gap tolerance when an in-plane switching (IPS) cell is employed. Fast response time not only suppresses image blurs, improves the overall transmittance but also enables color sequential display without noticeable color breakup. With time sequential RGB LED colors, the spatial color filters can be eliminated so that both optical efficiency and resolution density are tripled. High optical efficiency helps to reduce power consumption while high resolution density is particularly desirable for the future Ultra High Definition Television. However, some bottlenecks such as high operation voltage, hysteresis, low relaxation frequency, residual birefringence, image sticking, charging issue due to the large capacitance, and relatively low transmittance for the IPS mode, remain to be overcome before widespread application of BPLC can be realized. To reduce operation voltage, both new BPLC materials and new device structures have been investigated. In this paper, we highlight some recent advances in large Kerr constant, fast response time BPLC material development, and new device structures. Especially, we will focus on new BP LCDs with low operation voltage, submillisecond response time, high transmittance, and negligible hysteresis and residual birefringence. The sunrise for BP LCD is near.

Achieving adhesion on plastic materials needs not only good photoaligning materials but also it needs lot of optimization in the production process. Here we are going to attempt to solve this problem by utilizing biocomposite mixture. Proposed method is cost effective and also easy to use.

Low temperature gallium tin zinc oxide (GSZO) based thin film transistors fabricated on silicon has been investigated as a potential indium free transparent amorphous oxide semiconductor thin film transistor (TAOS TFT) with potential device applications on plastic substrates. A comprehensive and detailed study on the performance of GSZO TFTs has been carried out by studying the effects of processing parameters such as deposition temperature and annealing temperature/duration, as well as the channel thickness with all temperatures held below 150 °C. Variety of characterization techniques, namely Rutherford backscattering (RBS), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and x-ray reflectivity (XRR) in addition to I-V and C-V measurements were employed to determine the effects of the above parameters on the composition and quality of the channel. Optimized TFT characteristics of I_D=3×10^-7 A, I_ON/OFF =2×10⁶, VON ~ -2 V, SS ~ 1 V/dec and μ_FE = 0.14 cm²/V· s with a ΔV_ON of 3.3 V under 3 hours electrical stress were produced.

Viewing angle enhanced integral imaging (II) system using multi-directional projections and elemental image (EI) resizing method is proposed. In this method, each elemental lens of micro lens array collects multi-directional illuminations of multiple EI sets and produces multiple point light sources (PLSs) at the different positions in the focal plane; and the positions of the PLSs can be controlled by the projection angles. The viewing zone is made consisting of multiple diverging ray bundles, wider than the conventional method, due to multi-directional projections of multiple EI sets; whereas a conventional system produces a viewing zone using only a single set of EI projection. Hence the viewing angle of the reconstructed image is enhanced.

We present a novel multiple laser beam scanning projection module using compact red-green-blue (RGB) fiber pigtailed laser modules for use in a high resolution pico-projector display system using a fiber bundle combiner in combination with a single MEMS mirror. This system can be used to create accurate multiple-projection images on a screen without overlaps or spaces among the projection images. The system uses very simple projection optics and has the potential to become a light engine unit for use in multiple projection systems, particularly those for light field displays. As such, light field display applications are also discussed.

We report a systematic photometric study of LCD based on quantum dot (QD) backlight, and find the optimal emission spectrum combination in terms of system efficiency and wide color gamut. A QD-based LCD has potential to achieve 120% AdobeRGB color gamut in CIE 1931 and 140% in CIE 1976 color space, while keeping the same energy efficiency as conventional backlights. Moreover, we present a transmissive color display based on voltage-stretchable liquid crystal droplet and quantum dot backlight. This polarizer-free display exhibits highly saturated colors, wide viewing angle and reasonably good contrast ratio. QD backlight allows LCD to display original colors with high fidelity, which makes LCD more competitive to organic LED. The prime time for QD-enhanced LCDs is near.

The system to control the area of illumination is important for the luminaires used for stages and TV studios. Presently the methods to change the distance between a lamp and lenses, or to use a zooming projection of the aperture illuminated by the lamp are used to control the area. However, these methods require many optical components or mechanical components. Moreover, the energy of the light source is partially consumed by the absorption of the shutter on adjusting the illumination area. On the other hand, the control of the illuminance over the illuminated area is not possible by the methods. In this study, we developed the lighting system which enables to control both the illuminated area and the illuminance distribution within the area by scanning the beam from a LED array light source. The area of illumination was expanded along one dimension by scanning the LED beam using a rotating polygon mirror. The selection of the illuminated width and the control of the illuminance distribution were achieved by synchronizing the pulse width modulation (PWM) control of the LED with the rotation of the mirror using a time sharing control. As a result, various illuminance distributions can be realized at real time by using software control for the luminaire. The developed system has the merits of compact and high efficiency.