This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 11176, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Author and Conference Committee lists.

Wilga 2019 Summer Symposium on Photonics Applications and Web Engineering was the 44th edition of the research and technical meetings series. The whole week lasting annual series of technical conferences and topical sessions was held on 26 May - 02 June 2019 in Wilga resort near Warsaw owned by the Warsaw University of Technology. Nearly 400 participants took parts in all of the Wilga 2019 events, most of them being young researchers active in all aspects of photonics science and technology. Wilga Symposium embraces also hardware and software technologies associated with photonics like optics, optical engineering, optoelectronics, electronics and electrical engineering, mechatronics, chemical and material engineering, applied physics, industrial solutions and applications. Over 300 papers were presented during Wilga 2019, oral and poster. Out of this number, 250 are published in this volume of Proc. of SPIE Volume 11176.

The channel impulse response (CIR) fast approximation approach for the visible light communication (VLC) in closed spaces based on a previously trained model of artificial neural networks of deep learning (ANN-DL) was presented. There were used during the training sets the CIRs characteristics, obtained on a way of numerical simulations based on modified Monte Carlo ray tracing algorithm (MMC). The Matlab Deep Learning Toolbox software library was applied as the environment to the model preparation.

In the paper, there are reviewed pre-correction and pre-equalization schemes used for the correction of VLC LEDs frequency response/nonlinearity. Moreover, a theoretical analysis of pre- and post-equalization schemes efficiency was performed for a generic linear channel. It turned out that the most effective in terms of the receiver SNR is a distributed scheme when the equalization is performed at both the transmitter and receiver. The SNR gain of the distributed scheme may exceed 2 dB as compared to either pre- or post- equalization. The obtained generic results well apply to the VLC LED case.

The paper concentrates on the micro-interferometric techniques that utilize a light source of the continuously tuned wavelength. The technique is called, after the light source, the variable wavelength interferometry. It can be implemented in transmitted or reflected-light modes and is useful in testing fibers, micro-structures and optical elements like retarders (wave plates). The emitted spectrum has to be continuous. When the measurement procedure advances the selected wavelength must be determined with high accuracy, which ultimately defines uncertainty of the optical path difference to be measured. The continuous character of the light source is the linking element with previously published Part I of the paper that focused on confocal sensors.

The given data on the optical arrangement, in which the coordinate distributions of the real and imaginary component of the elements of the Jones matrix of optically thin polycrystalline layers are determined. Algorithms are presented and an experimental method for measuring the real and imaginary component of Jones-matrix images is analyzed. The experimental results of the study of statistical, correlation, and fractal parameters, which characterize the real component of the Jones-matrix image of polycrystalline networks of flat layers of the main types of human amino acids, are presented.

This article researches the proposed physical and mathematical model of a digital coherent optical spectrum analyzer, the spatial spectral bandwidth of which is limited by the diffraction of light on the matrix structure of the modulator. To expand the bandwidth of the spectrum analyzer, proposed to illuminate the modulator with a plane wave that incident on the modulator at a certain angle, similarly to the Leit-Upatnieks hologram. The research of the model has shown that when the modulator is illuminated with an inclined plane wave, the form of the diffraction pattern does not change, but the whole picture is shifted. To expand the operating spectral range (bandwidth), it is necessary that two diffraction maximum of the 0-th and + 1st orders incident into the entrance pupil of a Fourier lens, and when they are recorded, the entire sensitive surface of the matrix radiation detector is fully used. In this case, the operating range of the spectrum analyzer is equal to twice the Nyquist frequency of the modulator.

The theoretical and experimental studies of statistical properties of the input signals of optical electronic systems were carried out. The statistical models of interaction of an optical signal in optoelectronic systems based on the the distribution laws, characterized by a finite and infinite dispersion, were developed. The study of the asymptotic behavior of tailings of the output signals distribution densities for optoelectronic systems proved the possibility of using stable distribution laws describing the source signals of optoelectronic systems. The boundaries of statistical models applicability were outlined based on the central and generalized boundary theorems. Theoretical and experimental researches with the provision of high accuracy of determination of signals spatial-temporal characteristics with increased probabilistic detection characteristics were presented.

The paper clarifies neurocomputer and neurocomputer architecture term definitions. The choice of spiking neural network as neurocomputer operating unit is substantiated. The spiking neurocomputer organization principles are formulated by analyzing and generalization of the current level of knowledge on neurocomputer architecture (based on analogy with the well-known von Neumann digital computer organization principles). Analytical overview of current projects on spiking neural networks hardware implementation is conducted. Their major disadvantages are highlighted. Optoelectronic hardware implementation of spiking neural network is proposed as such that is free of mentioned disadvantages due to usage of optical signals for communication between neurons, as well as organization of learning through hardware. The main technical parameters of the proposed spiking neural network are estimated.

The principles of construction of various types of spectrometers used for x-ray fluorescence are considered, their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. An approach to the implementation of the wavelength dispersive spectrometer is proposed, which allows to reduce the time of spectral analysis in the entire range of the x-ray fluorescence.

The subject of the study is an application of evolutionary algorithms to optical node optimization in dense wavelength division multiplexing optical networks. The wider context of the presented research is in essence an improvement of service flexibility and achieving savings in capital expenditures in DWDM networks. Thus, the main objective of the optimization is to minimize capital expenditure, which includes the costs of optical node resources, such as transponders and filters used in new generation of reconfigurable optical add drop multiplexers, etc. For this purpose a model based on integer programming is proposed. The efficiency of the integer programming based software is compared with that of evolutionary algorithms. The results obtained show that there is a large advantage in using evolutionary algorithms for optimizing large optical networks when compared with integer programming and mixed integer programming, whereby the two latter algorithms fail to find the optimal solution within reasonable computational time. The numerical experiments were carried out for realistic networks of different dimensions and traffic demand sets.

The paper presents the results of application of high-speed and infrared cameras in the CNC machine diagnostics. Experimental studies were carried out using vision methods to measure the positioning of table and thermal expansion of screw realizing the feed of the milling table. The tests were conducted on machining centre HAAS MiniMill 2. Linear motion of table was recorded using the high speed camera Phantom 5.2. To determine the positioning error of work table in the function of temperature of the lead screw the infrared camera SC620 Flir was adopted. The positioning error and the maximum value of temperature the lead screw were determined.

Photonic crystals, the artificially created multilayer structures with dielectric permittivity and geometric dimensions varying with a period comparable to the wavelength, were studied by the calculation of light interference in a given multilayer system. The developed calculation programs using the matrix method made it possible to obtain the optical characteristics (reflection, transmission, etc.) for any multilayer coatings. The focus was on the analysis of the influence of defects associated with the violation of the layer periodicity. Spectral dependences of the reflection coefficient, argument of Chebyshev polynomial and argument module of the Chebyshev polynomial are given. The calculation of the optical characteristics of multilayer coatings by the matrix method provided the opportunity to identify the presence of barrier zones for periodic and defective systems and to propose their use as the contrast or narrowband interference filter.

Forming plastic packaging in tube form is carried out in the industry at a speed of 80 to 120 pieces per minute. Such a high production efficiency is associated with shortening the time of forming, cooling and stabilizing the material. As a result, the products create defects in the form imperfections of shape and uneven material distribution on the walls of the packaging. The article is presenting the method of building the image of the packaging surface, example of image transformations and vision measurements of selected product parameters.

This work devoted to some approach to for improve of knowledge bases organization in optical data networks cluster based in modern, cutting edge technologies in knowledge bases which are composed of united data bases with POSTGRESQL, MONGO {DB}) big data access technologies. These environments can provide working in actual times with Big Data in multicomponent fiber optic data networks cluster. The proposed approaches and architecture can be used to create new generation optical distributed networks with same cluster, based on GRID architecture with highspeed optical channels (5NGi Optical Internet). Parallel GRID based architectural can effectively to work with artificial intelligence (AIs) algorithms and architecture.

This paper is devoted to the study of methods for improving the capabilities of measuring large data arrays through the use of optically-controlled transparent and Blockchain technology. The research results are presented with the help of the developed method, which made it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed improvements ie the speed of data processing large sizes. In this paper, the main areas of application of the blockchain technology, its main properties are analyzed. During the work, the prospects for the development of this topic were determined, the main principle of the work of blockchain technologies and optically-controlled transparent. It has been determined that one of the main functions of the blockchain is its parallel processing and data analysis. With the help of the technology of the blockchain and with the help of optically controlled banners, a matrix filled with certain information was processed, we transformed each data cell with the hash-function into a hash-code. Also, the processing time and the hash function were investigated.

Fisheye lens and telephoto lens for long distance are becoming more widely used because of their larger field of view or much longer focal length than normal pinhole camera. The larger field of view is obtained by the image radial distortion - the effect which should be rectified not only for visualization but for use by manifold applications using image based measurements. This research article applies deep learning to address the computer vision problem of image rectification using the single image acquired by the unknown camera. A large scale of radial distortion image dataset is synthesized following the general optical ray projection model in angular form to train the proposed network. The experimental results verify that the constructed network learns distortion information from input images with high accuracy and performs the image rectification without explicit use of image semantic information. It was possible due to generating of good training distortion models and their inversion by Newton optimization and pseudo-inverse of resulting Vandermonde matrix.

Maintaining the lighting parameters in a specific zone at the required level often guarantees the safety of people in this zone. Diverse lighting requirements specified in the PN-EN 12464-2: 2014-05 standard can often be difficult to implement, especially taking into account other recommendations of this standard, for example at energy saving. For this reason, it is very important to carefully choose equipment and lighting system, take into account environment, maintenance program and maintenance characteristics of the lamp. The illuminance of lighting in outdoor work places also depends on daylight, which is affected by the time of the day, season or cloud cover.
This article will present the concept of using a programmable logic controller (PLC) to maintain the illumination at a certain level, regardless of the environmental conditions and time of the day. A control program will be created, the task of which will be to maintain the illuminance at the level required by the standard, thanks to monitoring the conditions in the workplace in real time. This solution will also enable reduction of energy consumption. Furthermore, appropriate control of lighting values on the surrounding area have a great impact on how quickly and comfortably an employee perceives and carries out the visual task.

Heavy ion beams generated by conventional RF-driven accelerators are commonly used in nuclear and particle physics. They have also found application in materials research, high energy-density physics and other domains. Heavy ion beams can also be generated by laser-driven ion accelerators, which are considered to be a promising alternative or supplement to RF-driven accelerators. However, to produce in these accelerators ion beams with the GeV or multi-GeV ion energies desired in most applications, multi-PW short-pulse laser drivers and ultra-relativistic laser intensities (~ 10²³ W/cm² or higher) are required. Multi-PW lasers capable of producing femtosecond pulses with ultra-relativistic intensities are currently being built, in particular, as part of the pan-European Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) project. The acceleration of heavy ions at ultra-relativistic laser intensities is, however, a poorly explored research field and requires extensive and detailed studies. In this paper, the results of numerical investigations of the acceleration of heavy (Pb) ions from a thin (0.1 um) lead target irradiated by a circularly polarized 30-fs, multi-PW laser pulse with intensity of 10²³ W/cm² are presented. The numerical simulations were performed using fully electromagnetic, multi-dimensional (2D3V) particle-in-cell code PICDOM, which includes, in particular, the dynamic ionization of the irradiated target and the accelerated ions. It was found that although the ion beam accelerated by the laser pulse contains more than 50 ion species with the charge state z ranging from z = 25 to z = 80, almost all of the energy of the beam (over 90% of the beam energy) is accumulated in ions with z = 72. Among all the accelerated ions, these ions have the highest both mean and peak energy, which values reach 14,6 GeV and 70,4 GeV, respectively. At a small distance from the target (<50 um), the intensity of the ion beam with z = 72 exceeds 10²⁰ W/cm² , and the duration of the ion pulse lies in the sub-picosecond range. Such intensities and durations of heavy ion beams are unachievable in currently operating RF-driven accelerators. The demonstrated laserdriven ion beams can thus open the door to new areas of research and applications not available for conventional accelerators.

This paper aims to explore the practicality of transfer learning regarding to the emotion recognition task. We present superior performance of the transfer learning from the face identification, compared with the solutions of train-from-scratch feed-forward deep neural networks and general transfer learning from object classifications. We illustrate that the better adaptation of source domain can help with the initialization of the network, providing more efficient learning from the target training samples. In such way even network with complex architecture can overcome over-fitting problems thus having better results than other solutions can do having the same amount of training data. We discuss the detailed training strategies to the get best performance of such transfer leaning using fine-tuning mechanisms on the classical VGG-16 architecture network based on the public accessible FER2013 emotion database.

This paper presents a review of methods used for acquisition of 3D images. Method used in 3D imaging in manufacturing quality inspection system are in detail disused. A specific classification of such methods into contact and contactless and into active and passive methods is given. Special attention is given for presentation examples of methods used for measurement and testing product in manufacturing systems. The summary of the work is a characteristic of the relationship between the measurement resolution and the size of the imaging field. This is a characteristic that allows you to choose the imaging method for the needs of the measurement task.

This work is devoted to development of information technology for real noise image filtering and storing obtained under low light condition. The information technology is designed to reduce the size of the image (video) archive, through the use of image processing methods. The structure of information technology is proposed. It includes input data, color models, image processing methods (filtering, compression, blocking effect reduction, coding and transmission), algorithms and software. The developed information technology depending on image type, task and result requirements performs image processing with appropriate filtering methods and has the possibility of encoding and transmission obtained images. The information technology allows reducing the size of the video archive in a video surveillance system with MPEG-4 (XVID) and H.264 video codec, while maintaining acceptable quality.

The common examinations of distant objects colors are realized with digital post processing of picture. Therefore, results of examinations are delayed. Consequently, real-time measurements of medium distance objects color taking place on the skyline have been examined. The medium distant objects that are under investigations are a different type of skyscrapers positioned at distant from 1 km to 3 km. Examinations were performed at the same time with two types of color sensors. These sensors are TCS3200 and VEML4060, they differ in dimensions, photonics characteristics and data transmission type. Therefore, to carry out the examinations, a standalone measurement system based on Nucleo64 board has been programmed. The data sampling ratio was 250/s. Sensors calibration was performed with the laboratory set-up consist of the specialized light sources, monochromator, fiber optic light divider and optical power meter. During medium-distant objects color examinations sensors were connected with monocular. Mentioned objects optical spectra characteristics were referred to data obtained with spectrophotometer use. Obtained results pointed that the use of an optoelectronic color sensor and a commonly available optical system with a fixed focal lens enables real-time measurements of objects’ colors located on the skyline. The VEML6040 sensor shows better agreement than TCS3200 with spectrometric characteristics of distant objects.

Bases of construction of optoimmittance logic are formulated, marketability’s of optoimmittance logical elements are considered, that will allow extending functional possibilities and improving the technical parameters of different informative devices. The classification, technical implementation, the basic parameters and characteristics of optoimmitance logical elements are presented. The speed of optoimmittance logical elements is analyzed.

The paper presents main theoretical approaches allowing for calculation of optical force and torque in a birefringent medium under the condition of total internal reflection realization. Evanescent wave realized under the plate is elliptically polarized, possesses spin angular momentum and is a cause of object motion. In this case linearly polarized incident wave with the azimuth of polarization of ±45° forms vertical spin, which determines the transversal motion of the object and it is demonstrated in the given paper. The obtained results will be of vital importance in numerous areas where one operates with minute quantities of matter such as nanophysics, nanophotonics, precise chemistry and pharmacology etc.

In this paper, a performance study of VLC communication channel impaired by rain, is presented. Our solution is based on software defined radio (SDR), LabVIEW and commercially available LED car taillights. This work focuses on performance testing of multistate QAM modulation formats throughout variable rain intensity and its influence on basic communication parameters (EVM, BER, transmit speed). This work will present our testing prototype, measured parameters and possible weak spots, which will be adjusted in future iterations.

Due to the fact that present-day routines for fuel stability examinations are time consuming, the development of fast and low-cost sensing methods is of high importance. This paper focuses on spectrometric data analysis of a capillary sensor for fast examination of fuel photo-stability using a high-power light emitting diode at 365nm as a degradation and examination factor. Photo-stability is considered a crucial factor, due to the fact that fuel stored in tanks tends to be exposed to light. Sample of commercially available fuel used for measurements was stored, before examinations, in a standard can for 2 years. Therefore, the fuel sample is degraded by storage conditions but not photo-degraded. Results allowing to determine fuel photo-stability during 40 minutes of UV degradation are examined for continuous light emission as well as for an intermitted one utilizing switching off the light source for a 5-minute-long resting period in between subsequent measurements. The measurement data confirm that optical cycle of degradation and examination is important when photo-degradation of fuel is analyzed.

The aim of this research is to develop a visualization quality improvement method of X-ray images with locally concentrated features. The features of registration and description of images during various radiological examinations were analyzed in this study. A mathematical model of a digital radiological image, as well as the visualization quality improvement method of digital radiological images, called IMRI, are developed. The efficiency of the method is tested both in processing the image of the standard Mammographic Accreditation Phantom RMI 156 and in processing various X-ray images (mammograms, fluorograms, X-rays of the cervical spine and extremities).

Method of infrared lenses field of view step variation is discussed in this paper. Simple afocal lens caps based on the classic Kepler or Galilee telescopic schemes are considered. The afocal cap have to provide acceptable vignetting of the extreme rays and moderate transverse dimensions. Mersenne two-mirror system of Galilean-type was selected as the most suitable lens cap. Equations were obtained to calculate dimensional parameters of the cap in respect that vignetting coefficient should be minimal.

Steganography is a method of hiding secret information within non-secret information. For the purpose of steganography, a lot of works based on convolutional neural network(CNN) were framed recent years and they showed the improvement of deep learning particularly in the field of hiding information. The major key factors that were kept in the account by those works include enhancing the capacity, invisibility, and security. In this research, a work based on steganography via generative adversarial networks was utilized to increase the invisibility and security, thus extracting that same secret image at the receiver side precisely. The focus of this research was to select the best suitable optimizer for the image based Steganography. Here, Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) and Adaptive Momentum (Adam) were compared and from the investigation, it was concluded that Adam optimizer performs better in handling the model to improve the hiding and revealing ability.

In this paper, the impact of fog on performance of VLC communication is explored. Highly modular testing system is based on LabVIEW software, modified National Instruments software defined radios (SDR) and commercially available LED car taillights. This work focuses on performance testing of multistate QAM modulations formats impaired by fog. An optional reference laser is used to monitor fog density throughout the whole measurement. This paper will present our testing solution and measured parameters.

The paper presents comparison image classification method for RGB channels images of combustion biomass and pulverized coal. Presented research is related with 30% weight fraction of the biomass. The object of the study were time series reflecting changes in time of selected flame geometric parameters, in the co-firing pulverized coal and biomass. Defined stable and unstable combustion process stated based on expert. The research was used nine variants of the cofiring process, involving different heat power settings and the air flow rate. The results showed that the red and blue channels should be simultaneously allows to recognize particular state of the combustion process. The obtained results confirm the possibility of RGB image analysis in flame tests when co-firing pulverized coal and biomass.

Justification of optoimmittance logic and conception of construction of optoimmittance logic elements is developed, the system of their classification is grounded, basic parameters are certain, formulated requirements and the analysis of possible ways of their technical realization is conducted. Proposed in the concept of building immittance logic allows you to create high-frequency logic elements on the active components operating in quasi-linear mode, which partially overcomes the above mentioned disadvantages and to develop the logic elements formed by optical emitters and receivers in combination with generalized immittance converters - optoimmittance logic elements. By combining to set the logic level, optical and immittance parameters is possible to realize a large number of optoimmittance logic elements.

Nowadays we often hear terms like Smart City or Smart Light. However, few can imagine what it actually means. A test polygon was created on the premises of the Mining Technical University in Ostrava, which gave these concepts a real meaning for promotional and scientific-research purposes. This polygon combines many sensor systems (environmental value measurement, road surface detection, wireless light communication, etc.), diagnostic applications, Internet technology visualization or light information board, light control system, luminous flux rate, light color, etc., protocols are implemented to control other associated technologies, such as charging stations, energy storage, etc.

The laser triangulation method allows non-contact scanning of objects and obtaining a three-dimensional point cloud. The measuring system consists of a camera and illuminator that allows projection of a linear laser beam on the surface of the object. The position of the laser beam is recorded on the camera matrix. Next, on the basis of the knowledge of camera angle and laser plane, coordinates of points describing the surfaces and edges of objects in three-dimensional space are determined. By calibrating the obtained data, it is possible to measure products, determining parameters such as volume, angle between planes, position of the object in space. The article discusses the issue of searching for the assumed model among the point cloud and determining its location and orientation in the container, enabling collision-free implementation of manipulation tasks with the use of an industrial robot.

The terrestrial robotic complex with optical devices installed on the manipulator is considered. It is shown that there are intensive oscillation of the manipulator during the complex movement deteriorating the quality of the image as a result of the displacement of cameras. Controlled damping devices are suggested for the manipulator position dynamic stabilization. Devices are controlled with the mechatronic system. Grounds for mechatronic system development are accomplished by means of mathematical modeling. A mathematical model of dynamics of a mobile robotic complex is developed. The "quasi-hard" movement of the chassis with a manipulator is considered and the dynamic model of the complex is presented as one solid. Approbation of the model by means of intermediate processes calculation is carried out. The possibility of developing a manipulator position dynamic stabilization mechatronic system with optical surveillance devices installed on it by means of mathematical modeling of a mobile robotic complex is substantiated.

The paper studies radiomeasuring device with a frequency output signal based on a pyroelectric primary converter. The frequency converter of optical radiation is designed using a bipolar transistor structure with a negative differential resistance and a pyroelectric sensitive element. A dynamic mathematical model of the frequency radiomeasuring converter has been developed which enables to determine the value of voltage or current at any point in the circuit at any particular time under the action of optical radiation in the region of infrared light. Analytical expressions for the transfer function and the sensitivity equation have been obtained. The sensitivity of the developed device is 20 kHz/μW/cm².

Modern world achievements in the area of video-information output devices are analyzed, as optic-electronically geoinformation power system component, particularly the large image colored video screens. The lacks of the two-coordinate addressing system widespread which provide a minimum control channels by indicators are considered. The structures of the matrices light-emitting diodes typesetting video screens which there are no lacks of the addressing system are offered and problems concerning synthesis of video data visualization means based on logic-time functions as well as classic theory of controlling automatons.

The system for monitoring environmental indicators and the state of the environment was developed. It solves the problem of incorrect environmental monitoring using monitoring devices based on Arduino platforms.

This paper presents an application which reads and displays the measurement data from 2D laser sensor using pulse distance measurement technology. At the beginning, the principle of operation of 2D laser sensors of the LiDAR type, the technical data of the used sensor and its functions, such as the filtration of measurement data and the detection of obstacles are presented. The next part of the paper presents the application design and the source code. The application has been implemented using the MFC library, in the Microsoft Visual Studio environment, in the C++ programming language. Communication with the device has been made using the client-server architecture. The acquired measurement data was processed and then displayed in the form of a point cloud using OpenGL library.

The paper presents the results of the study of flow in hydrodynamic cavitators. There was designed and manufactured models of hydrodynamic cavitation with various configuration for studying legitimacy appearance of cavitation. For their research, a stand was developed and created, which allows to obtain the flow characteristics of elements that are being tested and to visualize the flow in the throttling elements of the cavitators. The dependence of the discharge coefficient for the throttling element of the cavitator model on the Reynolds number is determined. The models of cavitators of various configurations are studied and pictures of the emerging cavitation are obtained by the method of visualization and the appearance of the luminescence phenomenon in a cavitating fluid flow is noted. On the basis of the obtained dependence for the coefficient of flow, a scheme with a mechatronic structure is proposed which provides a cavitation mode in the device when the working conditions change. The results of studies are analyzed and hypotheses of the appearance of luminescence based on similar physical phenomena and effects, which have a similar in nature and nature of radiation and spectrum according to the Planck diagram, are considered. Mathematical dependences of the flow coefficient on the Reynolds number and fluid flow on temperature and time are obtained.

This work devoted the perspective cutting edge technology, method and device for progressive united data and power supply transmission for neutrall and null- interaction application in signal transmission networks. The method of organization, a mathematical model and a structure of fiber-optical data-power interfaces-channels (FODPIC) ,orientated to specialized application and tasks of the incorporated transfer of the information and energy by light are presented. This provides a new possibilities for stabilities transmission of measurement and computing signals and data flows under conditions of influence electromagnetic fields and other potential negative factors for signals. Also it provides a united power supply transfer to low power consumption electronics and devices, through light stream and combines it with information optical signals through new modification of WDM method.

The article presents the subject of calibration of the image recorded by the vision system. The optical system of vision systems uses lenses that introduce distortion during image recording. The first distortion is the perspective distortion resulting from the way the video system is built in relation to the measuring plane on which the object is located. The second group is optical distortion - optical aberrations that affect the shape and colour of the image of objects recorded on the sensor matrix. Both distortion groups should be removed from the image to measure the geometrical parameters of the object. This is accomplished using the image calibration operation shown on the selected example in this work.

The article discusses the construction of a robotic vision system station intended for the measurement of selected parameters of the aluminium body. Due to the number of measured parameters and the complex shape of the controlled body, the vision system is positioned relative to the body with the use of an industrial robot. The robot realizes transition movements allowing the observation of few features on different surfaces of the body. Implementation of measurements using a camera and an industrial robot enables: assessing the surface condition, checking the presence of defects on surfaces, reading codes printed on surfaces, measuring the diameter of holes, etc. The paper describes the method of hardware integration, image acquisition method and measurement algorithms used in the implementation of measurements.

The article presents the possibilities of detecting defects in steel material using the fiber Bragg gratings (FBG). Measurement of sensitivity to force change is ensured by shifting the FBG. Steel samples were used for the tests: one standard sample and the others were incised. The incisions were at right angles and sharp to the axis of the fiber. The FBG was glued to the sample along its entire length and then lengthened by force. The transmission spectrum was being obtained on the Optical Spectrum Analyzer (OSA). It was used to determine the processing characteristics: the main minimum on the transmission characteristics and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) depending on the force transferred. On the first characteristic, the quantity of incisions can be detected (for a larger amount of incisions the main minimum changes significantly), and on the second characteristic, both the quantity of incisions (the greater the number of incisions the FWHM change is greater) and the approximate angle of incision relative to the fiber axis, FWHM decreased during increasing forces in the case of a right angle, while it increased in the case of an acute angle.

This article describes the developed method of adaptive-oriented filtration of digital images in the spatial domain, which is designed to remove noise and enhance the visual quality of images. as the kernel of filter an oriented two-dimensional gaussian distribution is used. as a result of this filtration, the contours of the images are blurred slightly, since the filtration is mainly carried out along the contour direction, that is, the filter parameters are adapted to each image region. the proposed method of image filtering is implemented in Matlab.

One of the aims of the given research is realization of one of possible variants of the solution of the problem of efficient integration of high-level information in low-level image presentation. The result of this integration is high efficiency of recognition. The advantage of such recognition is compact description of object image that considers reduced size of database and more fast-acting realization of processing. For solution of above-mentioned problems, the creation of common methodological basis for synthesis of simple computational algorithm of image preprocessing with their segmentation and formalized procedures of separate parts description with high adaptive ability on the basis of the ideas of algebraic approach to recognition problems is very actual.

The paper presents the analysis of the influence of elongation of stainless steel and aluminium samples on the response of uniform fiber Bragg gratings used as measuring transducers. Research indicates the possibility of material type and material thicknessing on the basis of transmission spectra obtained with the use of a periodic structure. During the research, deformations of transmission spectra were noticed. These defects may be the result of the glue connection used for assemble the periodic structure to the sample. The results of the research were presented in the form of charts obtained on the basis of transmission spectra.

The paper proposes the new criterion of spatial resolution of an imaging system. This criterion considers shape and dimensions of a central peak and side lobes of a point spread function, standard deviation of noise. As a result, it helps to reach the optimal balance between the characteristics of a central peak, side lobes and noise. It differs from the widely known full width at half maximum and Sparrow criterion that mainly consider only characteristics of the central peak. There are discussed the digital filter optimal according to the proposed criterion and the limitations in maximization of spatial resolution of imaging systems.

In this work a numerical analysis of the group delay response of the Bragg gratings written in tapered fibers is presented. In particular, a structure that is written in fiber that consist of two tapered transitions is considered. Similarly, to the single sided self-apodized gratings, a significant reduction of the group delay oscillations occurs due to the expansion of the modal field in the tapered region. Moreover, as a result of the symmetrical shape of the described structure, reduction of these oscillations occurs irrespective of the feeding direction of light. Both, tapered transitions slope and Bragg grating chirp are taken into account in respect to the limitations of the fabrication process.

This paper focuses on numerical analysis of the technological imperfections of the Bragg grating inscription process in the fiber. For such purposes, a Rouard method that allows for simulating a Bragg gratings section-by-section has been employed. The analysis presented in the paper includes considerations on the period instability of the grating together with variance of induced by UV exposure changes of the refractive index. As a result, an impact of these imperfections on the spectral responses has been examined, for both Gauss and Johnson distributions. The general motivation of this work is a proposition for novel process of the phase mask fabrication, what is also described in the following paper.

In this paper an extensive study of the spectral response of the Fibonacci like Bragg gratings, that consist of multiple phase shifts, is presented. Namely in the presented analysis, for a grating with given physical parameters, a periodical structure is divided into N sections of constant length. For each section it is assumed that number of phase shifts is both distributed uniformly, and the index of section corresponds to the number of phase shifts in such a way, that for each next section number of phase shifts grows in accordance to the Fibonacci sequence. Both, symmetrical and asymmetrical structures are analyzed. For purpose of this analysis, a Coupled Mode Theory (CMT) together with Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) is employed.

This work focuses on numerical analysis of the possibility of the induction of the superstructure fiber Bragg gratings through applying of the pressing force. Namely, it is considered that a comb with given indent period is pressing on the fiber Bragg grating and as a result, due to the presence of the elasto-optic effect, local effective refractive index changes, leading to the change of the Bragg wavelength. In the presented numerical analysis it is assumed that incident light is polarized and either the whole energy of the signal is contained in the given linearly polarized mode or partially propagates in both linearly polarized modes. For the purposes of the presented analysis a Coupled Mode Theory (CMT) together with Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) and Jones Calculus has been employed.

The paper deals with the fundamentals of the theory of photoreactive effect in bipolar and field-effect transistor structures. Photoreactive properties of semiconductor devices are widely used in a variety of radio electronics devices. Therefore, the study of these phenomena in bipolar transistor structures with negative resistance, allows us to create new sensory devices, which have better parameters than existing ones. The method of construction of radiomeasuring microelectronic transducers is offered on the base of photoreactive effect in sensing bipolar and field transistor structures, that has established premises for embodying transducers of optical radiation with a frequency output signal.

The article presents selected results of research conducted by the consortium under the implemented project for national defense and security on “Video Signals Integrator" Acronym – VSI. Project Leader: Warsaw University of Technology. The consortium: Police Academy in Szczytno, Atende Software Ltd., VORTEX Ltd. No. DOB-Bio7/01/02/2015 funded by the National Centre for Research and Development. The essence of the Video Signals Integrator is to acquire and process signals from multiple sources: existing monitoring systems based on analog cameras, modern systems based on IP cameras, different types of individual cameras. The efficient functioning of the device depends on the properly prepared Configuration Database of the Central Video Integrator System. The configuration database contains information necessary to operate the system by users, both in the scope of authorizations (data of users who can use consoles of particular types) as well as sources of streams processed by the system. It also creates the possibility of grouping streams according to their source. This option allows the user to identify the sources of a given signal and the corresponding response. The functional requirements were taken into account in the development of the concept of Configuration Database. As a result of the research, a design of the pilot version of the VSI system will be created, along with complete server software and a full-sized user console.

The article shows the results of the algorithm of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) based on data from the Asynchronous Delay Tap Sampling (ADTS) method. The combination of these two techniques made it possible to obtain an expert system to monitor simultaneously impairments (Chromatic Dispersion, Crosstalk and Optical to Signal Noise Ratio) occurring during transmission in the physical layer of the optical network. The ADTS technique allows to present disturbances in the form of images called phase portraits. Using the VPIphotonics program, 62000 images for modulation OOK were generated. All images were disturbed by a different combination of CD, Crosstalk and OSNR phenomena. These combination contain interference in pairs (e.g. 25 ps/nm for CD, 24.5 dB for Crosstalk and 17.5 dB for OSNR) but also individually (e.g. 678.93 ps/nm for CD and 0 for Crosstalk and OSNR). The next stage was the use of the convolutional algorithms of neural network. Research was conducted to teach the network the best possible recognition of simultaneously occurring phenomena. The challenge in the field of monitoring optical networks is monitoring with high accuracy simultaneously occurring phenomena using one method. As a result of the conducted research, high possibilities of simultaneous monitoring of the CD and Crosstalk phenomena for which the 𝑅 2 match factor was obtained at the level higher than 0.999 were established. In the case of the OSNR phenomenon, a match factor of over 0.99 was obtained. The conducted research shows large possibilities of using CNN to simultaneously monitor at least three phenomena and encourage to undertake research on the possibilities of simultaneous monitoring of more phenomena with the use of these networks.

Efficient implementation of index generation functions is attracting significant interest due to the dynamic development of technologies such as Big Data and Internet of Things. These functions can be realized using a circuit called index generation unit. However, the better linear transformation of an index generation function is found, the larger auxiliary memory is used. Lately, the architecture that uses probabilistic data structure was proposed. However, it requires several independent hash functions. Selecting proper hash functions is a complex issue. Thus, in this paper we analyse a structure that uses single hash function, i.e. One-Hashing Bloom Filter. It requires additional modulo stage to compute several independent hashes. However, the obtained results prove that additional computations, can be easily implemented in FPGA devices.

In this paper we evaluate the current state of the art in natural language paraphrase generation using deep learning methods. The focus is put on the entire modeling pipeline from data gathering up to model evaluation. Specifically, we list the publicly available datasets suitable for this task, assess their quality and discuss procedures connected with data preparation and model training. Finally, we discuss problems related to the currently used evaluation approaches.

The functioning of a sorting network based on self-learning and self-setting of a ranks vector is considered. Sorting method by paired exchange is used with inserting of ranks vector as the elements weights vector of the input array, which allows considering an offered sorting network as a sorting neural network model.

This paper presents a survey of consistency rules identified between UML diagrams. It bases on a representative collection of publications and author’s experience of developing original method of software architecture construction (e-CMDA). A new notation for consistency rules is introduced. It uses regular expressions combined with symbols of UML diagram elements and the introduced "projected" (custom) UML diagram symbols. This notation facilitates analysis and selection of appropriate consistency rules in software development at the architectural level.

We describe new programming library cereal_fwd supporting serialization (marshalling) with forward and backward compatibility as well as portability between different platforms. The cereal_fwd is able to serialize arbitrary set of C++ data structures, including variable length integer encoding, floating number support, string (text support), deep pointer serialization and deserialization, polymorphic pointers and STL collections. This library supports selected for its space efficiency. This article describes the proposed method, and benchmarking test comparing this library to: Boost.Serialization, Protocol Buffers, C++ cereal.

In this paper we consider the problem of detecting and recognizing widgets in screenshots of computer programs’ graphical user interface (GUI). This problem is fundamental in business process automation. The solution we propose here is based on detecting GUI elements with Canny edge operator, and recognizing already detected GUI elements with classifiers: neural networks, random forests, XGBoost, and others.

An improved mathematical model of artificial neuron with active generation of action potentials was developed, and the behavior of an artificial network consisting of thousands of described neurons was investigated. The passive part of the neuron consists of soma and asymmetric dendritic branches that provide multi-stability. The active component of the neuron is described with the help of a simplified non-linear neuron model with mechanisms for the spiking generation. The presented model reproduces all types of electrical generations of known biological neurons, e.g. neocortical. The model combines the biological similarity of the Hodgkin-Huxley type dynamics and the computational efficiency of integrative-spiking neurons. It is shown that switching between different modes of generation is possible under the condition of structural three-stability of the neuron in common. A neural network consisting of multi-stable neurons is capable of generating synchronous regular spikes if all neurons in the network are in a similar electrical state. In the case where a part of the neurons at non-similar stable condition, the network generates asynchronous regular spikes, without adding any synaptic plasticity mechanisms or modulating stimulation processes. The obtained model can be used for studying the features of real-time data processing by artificial neural networks, which can be used for such modern tasks as recognition and classification of biophysical signal patterns or for the development of elements of artificial intelligence.

There are research results of artificial neural networks usage for solving a hardly formalized objective – detection of a DDoS attacks on the computer network information resource in this article. An analysis of existing methods, technologies and tools for detecting DDoS attacks and protecting from them is carried out. Several feed forward neural networks are simulated. The architecture of the neural network which provides high-precision detection is presented.

In the work, the developed computer model of the distribution of information influences during information operations and information wars in virtual social networks with different information dissemination strategies considered. The series of experiments were conducted to compare the effectiveness of different information dissemination strategies.

This paper describes results of using machine learning model to aid reduction of number of repairs in external workshops for motor insurance company. The model predicts the customer decision based on data stored in insurance company’s database as well as additional features. We built several models, based on decision tree, random forest, gradient boost, ada boost, naive bayesian, logistic regression, neural network, then we evaluated them on real data.

Built models were tested on separate evaluation dataset provided by the insurance company. Models achieved over 0.8 area under curve ROC and thus were accepted for a pilot study in the production environment.

Mitigating failures caused by electrostatic discharge (ESD) is a crucial problem in many applications of embedded systems. The paper analyses in a systematic way the propagation of ESD effects at structural and logical levels in order to find threats and capabilities of efficient system recovery. The presented considerations are illustrated with some results referred to commercially developed devices for registering and analyzing ECG signals.

One of the main problem related to genomics is finding similarities between different species represented by DNA sequences. The dynamic programming algorithms (Needleman-Wunsch, Smith-Waterman) give a good measure of similarity, but are not efficient for big data sets. In this study we present the new heuristic algorithm based on common parts of reads. The approach can handle all types of sequencing errors: insertions, deletions and replacements. Our algorithm result is similar to other well known tools. The presented algorithm is implemented in C++, it uses Boost libraries, it internally use threads for parallel computing. This algorithm is a part of the DNA assembler ’dnaasm’. Source code, demo application and supplementary materials are available at project homepage: http://dnaasm.sourceforge.net.

The article is devoted to the development and justification of parallel numerical simulation methods. Results can be obtained to calculate the number of points. To increase the order of approximation of the developed methods, the set of points of the reference block (s) is introduced into difference schemes. Generation of difference schemes for any reference and calculated points is considered. For some block sizes, generated differential calculation schemes are obtained, oriented to the number of available processes in a parallel implementation. The absolute stability of the constructed multi-step multipoint methods according to the initial conditions and the right side is proved.

In the given research the anomaly is considered as a fraud. The paper is devoted to the development of the method, aimed at detection of the data anomalies mobile applications installation. Anomaly (fraud) detection method on the basis of anomalies in data, which, unlike the existing ones, allows to solve the heterogeneous data resolution problem on which fraudulent decisions are made, reduce the size of the data and conduct a classification of users, is proposed. An experiment was conducted on the basis of a representative sample of 284,807 users acting from a real mobile application. The efficiency of the proposed method, the accuracy of which is 99.14%, is shown.

Artificial Intelligence may be used to solve complex technical and practical problems. Moreover, such Artificial Intelligence techniques as Fuzzy Systems, Artificial Neural Networks, Evolutionary and Genetic Algorithms have a great potential in providing optimization, prediction and management of communication system in a dynamic wireless environment. Artificial Intelligence approach provides optimized results in a challenging task of the call admission control process in cellular networks. The paper proposes a methodology for developing a genetic neuro-fuzzy controller for call admission in cellular networks. A structure of the access fuzzy controller was suggested. Linguistic variables, their terms as well as membership functions for input and output values were determined. A rule base was proposed. A Neuro-fuzzy System on the base of the fuzzy-controller was designed and simulated. A genetic algorithm was proposed for optimizing the rule base.

The article presents the results of the adaptation of the hybrid HMM-DNN speech synthesis model for use in automated speaker recognition system for critical use (ASRSCU). In particular, the process of learning the HMM-DNN speech synthesis model with the estimation of the difference between the posterior probability distributions of all HMM states and the actual a posteriori probability distribution, calculated by DNN, and the use of semantic information in the speaker recognition process, has been improved. The features that are observed in the sequence of frames to which the input phonogram is divided describe this information. The obtained results allowed improving the efficiency of the textdependent speaker recognition when using ASRSCU in a noisy acoustic environment. The article formulated measures for the structural integration of the HMM-DNN component in ASRSCU and describes the practical aspects of this process. In particular, the choice of the type and the method of normalization of the vectors of basic informative features at the frame level was substantiated, the number of HMM states and GMM parameters were determined depending on the parameters of the chosen formation model, and the procedure for interpreting the recognition results was described. The paper formulates measures to optimize the learning process of the ASRSCU with the HMM-DNN component, which will be exploited in noisy environments.

This paper presents an actor-based Apriori algorithm enhanced with fault tolerance mechanism. All phases of the algorithm including candidate generation and support counting operations are performed by asynchronous actors. When an error occurs during the execution of the algorithm, calculations are interrupted locally for specific actors. The actor state is restored from the snapshot and the operations that caused the failure are either repeated or skipped. Other actors progress with their current tasks. The algorithm can be executed in parallel and distributed environments. Proposed enhancements have been successfully implemented using JAVA and Akka library. This paper discusses the results of the performance of actor-based Apriori algorithm against different datasets. The presented approach has been illustrated with many experiments and measurements performed using multiprocessor and multithreaded computer.

A method of transformation of polygonal data into functions based on patches of free forms is proposed. advantages of this approach over the known algorithms of transformation of three-dimensional models for fast transmission of information and its compact storage are demonstrated.

The article considers the information model of semantic structure of informational education material and the corresponding information technology for creation of semantic structure of educational materials. The formal representation of the semantic structure of such informational education materials includes the set of headings, the set of terms, the set of words and the set of relations. The set of relations includes elements of the semantic structure of the informational education materials, which determine the presence and character of relations between other elements of the semantic structure of the informational education materials. The set of relations include relations between headings, relations between headings and key terms, relations between key terms and words. This information model is the formal representation of semantic structure of informational education material of the course of discipline, and in the given form it allows to use it as the model for implementation of the corresponding information technology. The established effectiveness of the proposed technology allows use it to solution a number of urgent tasks, such as semantic assistance in creating tests, determination the conformity of educational materials to content requirements, determination the conformity of sets of test tasks to educational materials, etc.

A method for creating conceptual classes at the stage of forming requirements for the development of a software product is proposed. Conceptual classes are formed simultaneously with the creation of a textual description of the use case, basing on the obtained earlier information about the executors and the list of use cases. The studies were carried out on the basis of the previously proposed classification of scenarios for use cases. Mathematical models of the use case and conceptual class are proposed. The definition of a conceptual class involves defining the class name, class data (variables), and class methods. In the process of constructing conceptual classes the connection of each element of the class structure with the use case is established by forming references to it and the number of the corresponding scenario item. In accordance with the proposed mathematical models, algorithms have been developed and the software product UseCaseEditorV3 has been created. The conducted experiments showed a significant reduction in time and a decrease in the number of errors in the application of the proposed method.

In this article, for the first time, economic and statistical methods are used to study the interaction of innovation and investment activity and competitiveness at the regional level. The Granger test and the correlation and regression analysis are applied for the comprehensive study of individual and joint impact upon the region's competitiveness and its innovation and investment activity. The Granger test provides an opportunity to identify cause-effect relationships between the indicators of innovation and investment activity in the region. Accordingly, pairs of indicators of innovation and investment regional activity are identified and grouped together in accordance with the presence of connection, strength and direction of impact.

At present, web-application is the most popular type of distributed systems. However, the problem of web-system optimization is still important. This paper considers the basic principles of high-loaded web-systems running and analyzes the main ways of its optimization. The methods of optimization on different levels are defined: client, server, and network. Experimental research has been conducted to explore the effectiveness of the proposed approaches. The experiments confirmed the improvement of the system characteristics. As the implementation of the optimization technique needs some resources, a research has been conducted to analyze the complexity of implementing approaches. Also the neural network has been developed that allowed to predict the results of web systems optimization.

In this study, chatbots creation technology was developed. The main aspects of using the necessary components have been analyzed and suggested to apply structural and architectural principles as in global modern software solutions. The difference between chatbots of use in server-client systems and intelligent chatbots has been reviewed. A prototype of the program was developed for the research, based on the created technology, with the necessary control of efficiency and effectiveness of use.

Method and algorithm of multidimensional information scaling of the characteristics features based on the results of the theory of perturbation of pseudo-inverse and projective matrices and solutions of systems of linear algebraic equations is proposed. The algorithm of a piecewise-hyperplane clusterization with the verification of a given criterion for the effectiveness of the proposed method of the clusterization is developed. An example of using the method of scaling characteristic features for recognizing the fingerspelling alphabet of the sign language is given.

This paper includes informations about electromagnetic fields generated by mobile phones and their possible impact on humans health. The second point is definition of Specific Absoption Rate and law regulations connected with allowed values of phones radiation. Both SAR measure standards have been described. There is also the relationship between mobile phones development and their radio performance. The main aim is the project and simulation of device generating the electromagnetic field, which values are approximative to fields generated by mobile phones in order to measure the vital functions of cultured cells.

The influence of metabolic, molecular genetic- and immune-inflammatory factors on the course of reparative osteogenesis and the formation of bone nonunion of long bones is investigated on the basis of computer statistical analysis and forecasting methods. It has been established that hyperhomocysteinemia, dyslipidemia and cytokine imbalance are negative regressors of the structural and functional state of bone tissue, leading to increased levels of bone resorption markers and the development of systemic and local osteoporosis. The genetic determinants of the course of reparative osteogenesis in a hypoplastic and atrophic type are the homozygous carrier of mutations MTHFR C677T or eNOS T786S, as well as a combination of both polymorphisms.

Improved methods for surface imaging of the damaged human tissues based on colorimetry and fuzzy evaluation of color types are presented. Based on the color segmentation of images of superficial damage of human soft tissues, the original image is divided into zones of different colors in accordance with the reference colors used. Further, on the basis of calculated relative zones of different colors for a large set of experimental data on surface damage of biological tissues with a known time of occurrence of prescription, a fuzzy knowledge base is formed, what allows to classify damages and establish their time of occurrence. A bruise color is formalized by a fuzzy set defined on a discrete universal set of colors, where the degree of belonging of a fuzzy set corresponds to the degree of manifestation of each color in the coloring. The degree of coloration in a fuzzy set is determined on the basis of expert-experimental data on the percentage of the area of each color in the coloration. The relationship “time of occurrence of a bruise - coloring” is given in the form of fuzzy rules IF-THEN, which associate fuzzy estimates of time with fuzzy sets of color types. The time range is divided by the expert into intervals of the minimum duration, during which a change in the bruise color is recorded. The decision on the time of occurrence of a bruise is made on the basis of the degree of closeness of the observed and tabular fuzzy color sets.

Digital transformation occurs at different levels of the health care system, encompassing both practical medicine and industry management. Technological processes of digital medicine are accompanied by different information flows, formed in accordance with diagnosis and treatment business processes. To ensure the effective functioning and interaction of these processes, it is necessary to create information medical environments in health care facilities and regulate the exchange of digital medical data. The proposed concept of forming medical information environment is based on the principles of openness, fractality, continuity of the life cycle of the digital medical data and compliance with the level of access to these data. The implementation of the proposed concept was carried out in the development and research of medical information environments of various levels. The functions and their limitations in the business processes of the local MIE are analyzed and it is shown that taking into account the criteria for the formation of this environment provides information support for the doctor’s activities with digital medical data. This article also presents the main points of connecting a mobile component to an interhospital medical information environment. The structure and functions of the interhospital medical information environment, based on the principle of fractality, are aimed at integrating local medical information environments and the mobile component, which expands the application scope of digital medicine so at to increase the availability and quality of medical services.

On the basis of mathematical modeling, prognostic measures are identified in the individual rehabilitation program (IRP), which influence on the effectiveness of the rehabilitation process and reduce the limitations in disabled individuals with cardiovascular diseases. According to a multivariate stepwise discriminant analysis, the main rehabilitation measures that increase the effectiveness of rehabilitation in persons with disabilities due to cardiovascular diseases are: "restorative therapy", "medical observation", "counseling on physical rehabilitation", "therapeutic physical education", "examination potential professional abilities", "professional orientation", "rational employment" and "adequacy of the profession and specialty recommended in IRP". Taking into account these measures and their implementation will significantly increase the effectiveness of rehabilitation of a person with disabilities with cardiovascular pathology.

The paper proposes an approach to the assessment of the flight crew members psycho-physiological state. The proposed forecasting methodology for the psycho-physiological state with the use of mathematical models is presented, the method of determining the pilots’ brain level of tiredness is outlined.

Violation of the function of breathing manifested in the form of snoring can lead to a decrease in pulmonary ventilation and a decrease in the level of oxygen in the blood. As a result, it is possible to develop a number of diseases, and even with a fatal outcome. The reasons for the appearance of snoring can be many, which complicates both the diagnosis and treatment of snoring. The creation of objective tools and methods for diagnosing snoring is possible in the case of creating an adequate physical model for air passage in the upper respiratory tract and describing the physical effects that arise in the process of breathing. The physical model of air ducts, created on the basis of the anatomical model, takes into account the influence of all structural elements influencing the passage of air. The appearance of sound during snoring is the result of the ingress of turbulent airflow into the oropharynx and subsequent vibration of the palatine tongue and the vibration of the surface of the soft palate. One possible perspective method for identifying the main cause of snoring can be a spectral analysis of the sounds of snoring.

This paper describes the process for automating quality evaluation of bio-objects by their raster images. The main purpose of this study is to describe the decision-making algorithm on the viability of the embryo according to its geometric characteristics, such as the thickness of the pellucid zone, the sphericity of the embryo itself, the ratio of the area of the blastomere to the area of perivitelline space. The authors propose to use the methods for linear filtering raster images to obtain numerical characteristics of the quality of bio-objects.

This work describes the use of linguistic modeling for biometric identify the patient during testing on graphics tablet. The general structure of the system identification algorithm and the realization method based on interval approach are reviewed. In the article, basic principles are considered aimed at construction, application and use of the automated systems of authentication on the basis of "informational handwriting" of work stylus on graphics tablet. Some approaches to tremor identification through two constituents of "informational handwriting" are explored: testing on keyboard, touchscreen and dynamics of work with the stylus on graphics tablet was considered.

New approaches of red blood cell (erythrocyte) controlling by the action of evanescent wave is proposed in the given research work. Theoretical and experimental models for describing the conditions of the erythrocyte transverse motion and the vertical spin realization have been analyzed in the special selected schemes. The use of a linearly polarized plane wave with azimuth of ±45° in a model experiment, specially suggested in this work, allows visualizing the transverse controlled motion of the erythrocyte, which enables to claim about new possibilities for controlling microobjects in biology and medicine.

Recently automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems achieve higher and higher accuracy rates. However, the score drops significantly, when the ASR system is being used with a non-native speaker of the language to be recognized, mainly because of specific pronunciation and accent features. A limited volume of labeled datasets containing samples of a non-native speech makes it difficult to train any new ASR systems targeted for non-native speakers. In our research, we tried tackling the problem of a non-native accent and its influence on the accuracy of ASR systems, using the style transfer methodology. We designed a pipeline for modifying the speech produced by a nonnative speaker, so that it resembles the native speech to a higher extent, i.e. a method for accent neutralization. Our methodology can be used as a wrapper for any existing ASR system, which reduces the necessity of training new speech recognizers, adapted for non-native speech. The modification can be thus performed on the fly, before passing the data forward to the speech recognition system itself.

Currently recognition of various organs on computed tomography images is one of the most common activities performed by a radiologist in order to diagnose a patient. Due to a large amount of data this analysis is highly timeconsuming. However, with the current state of technological progress, it has become possible to automatize this process. In this contribution an automatic liver detection algorithm has been created. It identifies a liver in a series of pictures in DICOM format which are the result of spiral computed tomography. The algorithm is based on the methods of digital image processing. Additional steps have been taken to increase the accuracy of the process and eliminate objects with similar density. The algorithm identifies blood vessels and simulates the curve defined by a ribcage of a patient. This algorithm has been implemented in C++ as an integral part of an application with graphical user interface. In order to create this application, the following libraries have been used: OpenCV, DCMTK, and Qt. The process of design, implementation, and testing of the algorithm is described in this paper.

Malignant melanoma is one of the fastest-spreading skin cancer. The aim of the article is to segment human skin lesions with malignant melanoma from clinical dermatoscopic images and quality analysis images after segmentation. In this work the segmentation by thresholding with tree different threshold values was used. The quality analysis of the created binary images was carried out in Matlab software, based on statistics generated after image segmentation. The created segmentation algorithm allows the analysis of a single skin lesion, shows three areas of skin lesions based on their color.

The aim of the article is to investigate the influence of the pressure of the measuring probe on human tissues during spectrophotometric measurements. The effect of reflection probe pressure on human skin spectra in the different points of left and right hands was observed in the range of 400 – 1000 nm. The analysis was performed for different pressure values applied and probe impact time intervals elapsed.

The article presents the latest updates in the development of automated cage for optogenetic experiments. The new RFID module allows detecting the presence of mice in a given area of the cage. A brief description of the hardware and software parts has been presented.

The research described here aims to design and fabricate light emitting modules for a mobile optogenetic device used with animals that are moving freely in the cages. The original mobile device constructed by us consisted of a light source placed outside the animal’s skull and optical fibre structure responsible for delivering light into the selected brain area. The next approach described here is based on a LED chip attached to the tip of a cannula which directly implanted into a mouse’s brain. The devices we have constructed consist of an electrical connector, standard cannula and micro-LED chip operating at 470 nm as light source. The device has been fabricated and tested in vivo. We have also demonstrated light conversion from 470 nm to 590 nm by applying a silicate orange phosphor directly to the LED chip. Finally we designed a wireless optogenetic implants based on the NFC-technology for mice freely moving in cages and a software that controls the wireless power supply. We have extensively validated experimentally the designed mobile and wireless optogenetic implants.

The choice of materials for use in biomedical applications is a very important issue. In addition to technological capabilities, attention should be paid to the biocompatibility of the material with the surrounding tissues. The paper presents a list of materials that can be used in BioMEMS devices. On the basis of Stensaas research, the materials were divided into non-reactive, reactive and toxic ones. The impact of given metals on living organisms and the possible negative effects they may cause is discussed. The methods of material selection and decision-making criteria were presented.

The article is considering building of the method of prediction of indicators of biomedical images. There was considered structure of the system that have to solve the problem of processing parameters of biomedical images. There was considered the constructing of such system using a parallel-hierarchical network as well.

Mathematical modeling of the spectral characteristics of the coefficient of diffuse reflection of a layer of an aqueous medium with phytoplankton particles with a change in the pigment parameters is carried out. The functions of the probability density of errors occurring in the measuring channel of the multispectral environmental control are investigated. The dependence of the errors of the first and second kind and the reliability of the control of the pigment parameters of the phytoplankton on the threshold value of the diffuse reflection coefficient for a separate spectral channel of the monitoring instrument are analyzed. In particular, when using four channels with wavelengths of 530 nm, 590 nm, 620 nm and 730 nm in the multispectral environmental monitoring tool, the value of the reliability of the control of the ratio between chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll 0.939 is obtained, and when three channels with wavelengths of 450 nm are used, 470 nm and 660 nm, the reliability of the control of the ratio between carotenoids and total chlorophyll 0.972 was obtained. The working wavelengths and the number of channels of the multispectral environmental control are determined by the spectral characteristics of the phytoplankton pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids), as well as the spectral characteristics of the radiation source and the photomatrix of the monitoring instrument.

Electromyography, EMG is an experimental technique concerned with the development, recording and analysis of myoelectric signals. Myoelectric signals are formed by physiological variations in the state of the muscle fiber membranes. EMG is also a diagnostic method used to evaluate the muscle status and influence on the locomotor systems and human mobility. In the paper, the processes of the acquisition, processing, and comparison of the different EMG signals captured during a patient training was carried out. In result of processed data based on real surface EMG reads, the objective models of the gait cycles for different muscles were obtained to support medical and physiotherapeutic diagnosis by the computer-aided tools. After four-weeks VR game training, the gait examination based on EMG signals were performed again, to study and compare the muscle activation terms for gait cycle status improvement by the assessment in the terms of objective data-driven model.

The paper studies a frequency transducer of the gas concentration for detection of Helicobacter Pylori strains based on the MOSFET-bipolar transistor structure with a negative differential resistance and a highly sensitive NH₃ sensor. A dynamic mathematical model of the frequency transducer of gas concentration has been developed using the state variable method which makes it possible to determinate the value of voltage or current at any point of the circuit at any particular time when the gas concentration is changed. Analytical expressions for transfer function and sensitivity equation have been obtained on the basis of the nonlinear equivalent circuit of the frequency gas concentration transducer. Sensitivity of the developed device for detecting Helicobacter Pylori strains is from 2.1 kHz/ppm to 3.4 kHz/ppm.

This paper presents the evaluation of adaptive filtering methods for suppression of the second powerline harmonic in electroencephalography (EEG) signals. The powerline interference with its harmonics is the most frequent noise source distorting EEG signals. Mostly its power is too high, to be simply removed by a low-pass filter, especially during the analysis of upper gamma frequencies (up to 100 Hz), where some information about EEG signal could be lost. This paper focuses on comparison of the adaptive algorithms (Least Mean Squares (LMS), and Recursive Least Squares (RLS)) in the suppression of harmonic interferences. This evaluation is based on the dedicated measures, allowing to assess the distortions remaining after the powerline suppression. The results of studies confirm the usability of the adaptive filters in powerline and its harmonics suppression.

Numerous biosensing configurations have been researched for detection of organophosphorus pesticides in agricultural and household applications. Selectivity for the specific insecticide, sensitivity and low detection limit being the main challenges gives a great potential to targeted enzymatic biosensors. Acetylcholinesterase is being employed in receptors, because organophosphorus pesticides, such as malathion, display inhibitory effect towards it. Proteins within other structures can have decreased activity, be contaminated, denatured or have a diffusion barrier resulting in reduced interaction with the analyte. Choice of the immobilization method for the enzyme may be the most important aspect in the development of electrochemical biosensor. Numerous acetylcholinesterase based biosensing solutions for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides have been reviewed.

Deep neural networks have become a great tool for creating solutions to denoise the speech signal, improving the intelligibility, speech quality and signal-to-noise ratio. An important element during training deep speech networks is the use of an appropriate loss function that allows to improvement the subjective and objective measures. In our work, we used the loss function based on a well-trained deep network to classify whether the signal is noisy and clean. Thanks to this, the deep network responsible for denoising is based on minimizing the difference of deep features of the pure and enhanced signal. Our work shows that the use of only deep features in the loss function allows a significant improvement in the measurement of speech signal quality. Novelty is also feature extractor, which has been trained as a multi-objective noise classifier. We believe that deep-feature loss could help in the optimization of functions difficult to differentiate.

The purpose of this study is to formalize the stages of diagnostic and therapeutic measures in the design of computer decision support systems in medicine. Functional, structural and mathematical models of diagnostic and treatment measures are developed with the aim of increasing the efficiency of medical services and minimizing the risks of medical errors. Analysis of diagnosed states in the space of medical actions allowed developing a method of hierarchical clustering of diagnoses in the space of medical actions and substantiating the threshold values of permissible uncertainties in the diagnostic decision rule.

Development of high power light-emitting diodes has brought new possibilities in many applications, especially in terms of flexible adjustment of light spectra. This feature is very useful in construction of many devices, for example for medical diagnosis – imaging of biological objects. In the paper we describe exemplary results of imaging of biological samples with the use of the tunable LED-based source. The source is composed of 13 high power light-emitting diodes (11 monochrome and 2 phosphor converted LEDs) covering visible region. The system allows to illuminate the object with quasi-monochromatic light (monochrome LEDs) as well as white light with the possibility of adjusting the color temperature in the range of 2700-6500K. To obtain object images miniature color camera was used which allowed us to test the operation of the source in a model of endoscope. Recorded images were processed in Matlab in order to analyze the RGB channels and test future possibility of automatic detection of selected areas of the tissue.

A theoretical basis for the method of polarization-interference mapping of optically thin polycrystalline films of human biological fluids is given. The coordinate distributions of the value of the local contrast of the interference distributions of the polarization-inhomogeneous microscopic images of polycrystalline films of the synovial fluid of the human joint are investigated. In the framework of the statistical (statistical moments of the 1st-4th order) approaches, objective criteria for the distribution of the values of local contrast are established. The possibility of differentiation of weak changes in the optical anisotropy of blood films of healthy and patients with breast cancer patients is determined.

A theoretical basis for the method of polarization-interference mapping of optically thin polycrystalline films of human biological fluids is given. The coordinate distributions of the value of the local contrast of the interference distributions of the polarization-inhomogeneous microscopic images of polycrystalline films of the synovial fluid of the human joint are investigated. In the framework of the statistical (statistical moments of the 1st-4th order) approaches, objective criteria for the distribution of the values of local contrast are established. The possibility of differentiation of weak changes in the optical anisotropy of blood films of healthy and patients with breast cancer patients is determined.

The article is devoted to the study of the negative influence of air flow on the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity. in the section the basic provisions of the aerodynamics of the nasal cavity are considered, the main characteristics of the laminar boundary layer in the nasal cavity are determined. it is determined that the thickness of the boundary layer strongly depends on the mode of respiration, with forced breathing, the difference in the thickness of the boundary layer between the norm and in the narrowing of the nasal passage significantly decreases. with a quiet breath, the thickness of the boundary layer will essentially depend on the equivalent diameter of the nasal canal. thus, with the growth of the equivalent diameter of the nasal passages, the thickness of the boundary layer increases significantly, which is especially noticeable when forced respiration. therefore, the negative effect of air flow will be manifested, above all, with increased costs and narrowing of the nasal cavity and depend on the heterogeneity of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, which with forced breathing is more likely to go beyond the laminar boundary layer. in calculating the parameters of the boundary layer, it is necessary to specify the parameters of air flow, obtained as a result of computer olfactometry or physiological data for the corresponding breathing regimes. with the increase of respiration and the corresponding reduction of the thickness of the boundary layer of the air stream, the risk of negative influence of turbulent air flow on the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity increases. the use of this method makes it possible at the stages of diagnosis and surgical planning to quantify the effect of the negative influence of air flow on the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, which is associated with turbulent drying and determine the areas that are subject to surgical correction by the proposed criterion.

This article examines the dependence of the set of parameters of the phase portrait of an EMG signal on age, sex, and the diagnosis of the examined by methods of statistical analysis. the work is carried out on the basis of the results of the examination in four groups of patients: practically healthy without complaints; conditionally healthy with complaints of back pain; vertebral patients; patients with scoliosis. the studies were conducted in collaboration with the laboratory of pathophysiology of the Sitenko institute of spine and joint pathology Ukrainian academy of medical sciences. the study was performed with 102 people of both sexes aged 18 to 76 were examined. statistical processing of samples to identify statistically significant correlations of the parameters of the phase portrait of the EMG signal with the age and sex of the subject was conducted. statistically significant differences were not found. statistical processing of the sample to identify statistically significant correlations between the group to which the patient belongs, and each indicator of the phase portrait was conducted. the groups of practically healthy patients without complaints and conditionally healthy patients with complaints of back pain are not statistically significantly different for each parameter of the phase portrait. However, between patients without pathologies, vertebral patients and patients with scoliosis, a statistically significant difference was found for seven parameters of the phase portrait. The perspective of the work is the construction of models for classifying patients according to the parameters of phase portraits of surface electromyography data.

On the basis of the created mathematical model prognostically significant measures of medical and social rehabilitation in persons with disabilities with pathology of respiratory organs were determined. The main prognostic significance characteristics of the "effectiveness" of rehabilitation were established and the influence of different types of rehabilitation on the process of recovery and (or) improving livelihoods was estimated. The main rehabilitation measures that increase the effectiveness of rehabilitation in persons with disabilities due to broncho-pulmonary diseases are: "medical observation", "restorative therapy", "spa treatment" and all the measures recommended in the individual rehabilitation program "labor" and "physical rehabilitation", "Examination of potential professional abilities", "vocational training, retraining and advanced training".

Influence of respondents' state of health among the employed population was revealed, in particular, depending on the status of the settlement. It is found out that the preservation, strengthening and accumulation of human capital for the health of citizens depends, in particular, on the effectiveness of the combination of decentralization reform and medicine. The model of electronic management of public health (on the example of the territorial community of Vinnitsa region) is offered. It is reasonable that an important element of the above model at the initial stage of implementation is to obtain synergies from the introduction of electronic document flow, which allows motivating members of territorial communities to self-preserve human health capital.

Senitnel-2 satellites, as a part of European initiative - Copernicus - provide unique opportunity for Earth surface monitoring with high spatial, spectral and temporal resolution. Urban areas mapping is one of the domains where this kind of data may be very useful. In this research, usability of Sentinel-2 data for buildings detection has been analyzed using One-class SVM algorithm. For selected area of interest, number of issues have been analyzed, including automatic training data preparation, optimum classifier parameters and date of image acquisition selection.

The application of data mining techniques in the field of astronomy can greatly promote the development of astronomy. The astronomical object databases are very large, so the proper dataset preprocessing is needed. This paper introduces the quasars clustering based on their parameterization data and its significance, implements several clustering methods, discusses their advantages and disadvantages.

In this paper we extend features of our open source R package that will enable new modern research methodology for astronomers with data and algorithms deep analyses. Methods of Genetic Algorithms (GA) were added to this computational project made of nosql database and intelligent numerical algorithms searching for most extreme extragalactic objects. In future we accelerate GA with OpenCL and CUDA kernels just to enable opportunities for finding very rare astronomical objects or classifying and clustering the well known ones. The greater computational power, the better search and astronomical databases will be created, the more improvements can be introduced into parametrization algorithms for future massive surveys.

This paper presents the results of a preliminary comparison of two methods which are based on the mathematical approach, Mathematical Morphology and the Local Multifractal Description. Both methods are characterized by the need for input parameters defining. Those parameters are engaged in the model development, allowing to study the objects presented on the images in respect to the intended purpose of the analysis. Due to the initial visual interpretation and image objects descriptors definition, both methods are considered as a semi-automatic. Tests were performed based on the selected Brodatz textures and artificially generated noisy images, aiming at the indication of strong and weak points of both methods while applied to the edge/object detection tasks.

Algorithm of Ramer–Douglas–Peucker for piecewise approximation was used for image multilevel segmentation. The cumulative histogram was chosen as a function for approximation. The developed algorithm was applied to the satellite map images to divide clouds of different intensity. The map images of clouds with different intensity were clustered to obtaine cloudiness values and classification.

There is a set of sensing devices for a cloud on sky detection. The common passive examinations of cloud presence are realized with digital post processing of picture that was taken with fish eye lenses. Therefore, results of examinations are delayed and information at skyline is degraded. The common examinations include also thermal image analysis or the active laser distant sensors adaptations. The common feature of these sensors is the high cost of equipment. Thus, sensing device constructions for real-time measurements of clouds taking place on the skyline have been examined. Examinations were performed at the same time with two sensing devices that include two different optical channels. The first sensing device, used as a laboratory reference, consists of two spectrometers Maya 2000 pro while mechanic module consists of a plate with large core optical fiber adapter and fiber optic collimator adapter. These adapters are used to fix collimator and an optical fiber that is connected to a proper spectrometer. The examination results enable to point relation of variation of cloud cover factor as variation in semi-stable band 440 nm and variation in an unstable band that extends to longer than 550 nm wavelengths. Therefore, the second device, aimed as a cost effective consist of two optoelectronic sensors type BH1750 and OPT101 that are connected by a mechanical adapter that includes optical filters to binoculars. These optical filters are 440 nm band pass and 550 nm long pass. The data obtained of examinations show that the second construction may be a base for further development of data processing algorithms for passive sensing device for a cloud on the skyline detection.

Reliability analysis plays significant role in development of space applications, where today, Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are employed very often, especially because of the fact that they may hold implementation of custom fault mitigation techniques. While transient (soft) faults, caused by the space radiation, such as Single/Multiple Event Upsets (SEU/MEUs) or Single Event Transients (SETs) can be generated inside the FPGA or propagated from other circuits in digital system, the FPGA may implement redundancy (mainly hardware or time domain) to protect whole system from functional interrupt. Currently, space FPGA engineers face challenges both at design and verification stages of their applications. Common questions are related to selection of target FPGA, optimal combination of fault mitigation techniques to be implemented, estimated reliability for target radiation environment as well as finding reliability bottlenecks. Many previous works focused on analysis of fault propagation in terms of static and formal analysis, while the methods used to analyze real-life design examples are still basing on statistical analysis of fault injection effects. Both solutions have significant limitations. The authors of this paper propose novel approach to modelling of soft faults propagation effects by simulation in fuzzy logic domain that is compatible with commonly used FPGA design and verification process and provides good balance between analysis time and reliability estimation accuracy.

In recent years, interest in revealing, registering, analyzing and interpretation of the short-term (0.1-1 s) sharp increases in the number of high-energy charged particles at LEO (Low Earth Orbit) has substantially increased. This is due to the profound influence of geomagnetic disturbances on the state of the Van Allen radiation belts, one of the important components of space weather. At the same time, in recent years, principally new technologies have been rapidly developed, both in the area of detection of the elementary charged particles and in construction of space microelectronics. In particular, over the past years, nanosatellites in the CubeSat standard were developed, manufactured and launched into LEO, whose mission was to record and study the characteristics of electron microbursts precipitating from the Earth radiation belts.

Here, we present the concept of a compact instrument developed in the 1U CubeSat standard which is aimed to study the nature of high-energy charged particles microbursts present in the Earth magnetosphere. A functional diagram, a description of the structural modules and the technical characteristics of the miniaturized electron-proton recorder-analyzer MiRA_ep are shown. We have carried out and present the results of computer simulation of the physical processes caused by high-energy electron and proton passage through sensors of the detector head of the MiRA_ep device. The simulation was carried out with the Monte Carlo method using the CERN GEANT4 package. The values of most probable deposited energies were calculated for a wide range of primary electrons and proton energies. This allowed us to make a conclusion about the effective energy ranges of the proposed instrument. The results of these simulations will be used in developing analog and digital signal processing electronic units.

Supervised classification of satellite images is performed based on utilization of reference training data. Therefore, the availability and quality of reference data highly influences the results and the course of the entire classification process. In the Sentinel-2 Global Land Cover (S2GLC) project Sentinel-2 images are classified using Random Forest (RF) algorithm powered by training points selected from existing low resolution land cover databases. This approach allows to perform the classification process in a highly automatic manner without much intervention of an operator. An alternative method for creating training dataset has been developed in order to ensure the implementation of the S2GLC classification in case of limited access to the required land cover databases or their low quality. The proposed method is a semi-automatic process initiated by an operator, who by a visual interpretation, indicates only several starting samples for the classes of interest. Afterwards, utilizing this limited set of initial training samples, hundreds or thousands of training samples with similar spectral characteristics are automatically selected from the image. Such a set of data, can be further used as an alternative source of training data for land cover classification on much greater scale. Comparing to the traditional approach, in which all samples or training areas are manually indicated, the developed method is very effective and also allows for processing data more rapidly. The semi-automatic training can be used as an alternative or supplement the training dataset applied in the S2GLC classification approach.

The paper presents the design of the Fine Guidance System of the ARIEL mission. The FGS is one of the two instruments of this mission. The Fine Guidance System (FGS) main task is to ensure the centering, focusing and guiding of the satellite, but it will also provide high precision astrometry and photometry of the target for complementary science. In particular, the data from the FGS will be used for de-trending and data analysis on the ground. The sensor uses star-light coming through the optical path of the telescope to determine the changes in the line of sight of the ARIEL instrument. Optomechanical and electronic part are presented.

The Mercury Radiometer and Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (MERTIS) of the BEPI COLOMBO mission is dedicated to global mineralogical mapping and measurements of Mercury’s surface temperatures in the spectral range of 7-14 μm. MERTIS Pointing Unit (MPOI) is a mechanism situated in front of MERTIS/BEPI COLOMBO spectrometer to orient the optical entrance of the instrument to 4 different targets sequentially. MPOI should fulfill very demanding requirements of pointing accuracy and repeatability in whole operating temperature range from –30°C to +70°C. In this paper MPOI’s design and principles of operation are presented. Bepi Colombo started on 20 October 2018 from European’s space port in Kourou. MERTIS instrument has successfully passed tests on orbit during commissioning phase.

This paper describes the concept of SDR radio transceiver, currently designed as a part of Hypersat microsatellite platform communication subsystem. Assumptions of the design, described at the beginning are followed by a more detailed description of subsequent hardware and firmware functional blocks that handle data transmission and provide information about the distance to the satellite.

The space robotic operations require good control of contact tasks, especially when performing in-orbit servicing and debris removal tasks which require maintaining the contact between the robot and target throughout the duration of the grasping. Taking into account that a well-developed and verified control strategies of free floating robot realizing both the trajectory and contact control are difficult to realize and introduce constructional complexity to the space mechanism, a different solution is proposed and simulated: A simulated robot manipulator with a controller capable of path following in 2D free floating conditions is equipped with a single axis translational joint between the end effector and a simulated gripper tool. The translational joint is based on an electromagnetic linear actuator with controlled mechanical impedance intended for dealing with contact and maintenance between the manipulator and an inert target object. The practical construction of such electromagnetic actuator is presented and discussed along with characterization of its dynamic and mechanical properties obtained from the test. A simulation of a planar space robot equipped with such actuator at the end effector, coming into contact with an object is presented and discussed.

In previous works we justified the necessity of developing the mathematical model for error calculations due to relativistic effects in GNSS measurements based on a metric tensor. In this paper we conduct calculation of the metric tensor components for a few configurations of the “Center of the Galaxy– Sun – Earth – Satellite” system to investigate mutual impact of relativistic effects, as well as comparative analysis with other existing mathematical models.

The objective of this paper is to present the architecture of a very efficient and reliable Instrument Data Processing Unit (IDPU) for the Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX) scientific instrument made in the frame of ESA Solar Orbiter mission. The IDPU was designed, manufactured and delivered by CBK. Afterward, it was integrated with the STIX instrument and currently is waiting for a launch that is foreseen in February 2020. The paper presents the history, problems and using solutions that were implemented while working on the unit. Finally, the paper discusses the lessons learned as seen from a time perspective.

The objective of this paper is to present a design of Data Processing Unit (DPU) and Power Supply Subsystem (PSU) that are designed in the frame of SWI instrument developed for ESA JUICE L-class mission. The DPU is a main controller of the instrument, providing a communication link with the spacecraft and several interfaces towards subsystems. The PSU consists of three units: Switch and House-Keeping, BIAS and DCDC providing essentially the power to SWI subsystems. The presented concept is a result of the design presented for the subsystems and instrument CDR.

The radiation belts of the Earth and dynamics of high energy electron and proton fluxes in the magnetosphere in particular are still the target for intensive exploration by the scientific community. Quickly grown number of artificial Earth satellites including CubeSats around the Earth supports continuous improvement of the space weather forecast quality. As the charged space environment affects the wide aspects of human civilization life, the sustained monitoring of energized elementary particles is a current task. Different methods and sensors are developed to provide measurements of particle fluxes at the low Earth and geostationary orbits, at Lagrangian points and in the interplanetary space. Among them, there are silicon PIN, solid state, surface barrier detectors, organic and inorganic scintillation detectors, large area photodiodes, multi-pixelated silicon photomultipliers, etc. The gamma- and X-rays detectors are used rather often to study non-steady variations in magnetospheric particle fluxes because of a bremsstrahlung generation by precipitating subrelativistic electrons present in the upper layers of the atmosphere. We present specific features in constructing of the Satellite Telescope of Electrons and Protons STEP-F and the solar soft X-ray spectrophotometer SphinX that allowed for discovery of some interesting phenomena in radiation belts dynamics in 2009. Technical and scientific parameters of both instruments are demonstrated as well as approaches in respective development of sensors and electronics. We present some results of data processing like detection of three-belt structure of electron fluxes, the anisotropic character of particle motion in the outer and inner belts, lower limits of the energies for particle registration by the X-ray photometer.

Post-processing is the last and often optional stage of land cover (LC) classification from satellite images. In the traditional approach, it is usually applied to remove the effect of “salt and pepper” from the classified image and also to standardize the image details according to the defined minimum mapping unit (MMU). The proposed post-processing method presented in this paper, has been used in the Sentinel-2 Global Land Cover (S2GLC) project. Its main goal is to remove or minimize typical classification errors that can appear in the classification output. Therefore, a set of functions that are able to improve the result of LC classifications has been developed. These include relatively simply defined rules that operate based on predefined threshold values of selected spectral channels, spectral indexes or auxiliary data. Additionally, logical relations between certain LC classes have been implemented. The proposed post-processing has been applied to the classification results of the S2GLC project and helped to improve LC classification in all test sites representing different parts of the globe.

The International Space Environment Services (ISES) is a space weather service organization currently comprised of 16 Regional Warning Centers, which main objective is to provide services to the scientific and user communities within their own regions. These services usually consist of forecasts or warnings of disturbances to the solar terrestrial environment. Polish RWC operates under the Heliogeophysical Prediction Service Laboratory (HPSL) in the Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences (SRC PAS). It is involved in collection of a large volume of data exchanged within the international cooperation and received directly from various international observatories and Polish-operated geophysical stations. The main task of the RWC is to prepare daily forecasts of weather conditions in space and their impact on the operation of various technological systems. The HPLS staff is also involved in wide range of technical projects related to the space weather research and applications.

LOFAR is valuable tool not only for astronomical observation. I Poland was located 3 stations. Polish LOFAR stations makes possible carry out research programs on whole network but also realization of their own research programs by station owners. Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Science is owner of PL610 station located in Borowiec near Poznan. We show uses of our station to ionospheric and space weather researches.

This paper addresses the question of legality of appropriation of natural resources obtained in outer space under the existing generally adopted Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies of 1967 (the Outer Space Treaty). In the recent years two countries - the United States of America and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg enacted legislation aiming at improving legal situation of private entities seeking to exploit extraterrestrial natural resources, which incited controversy as to the compliance with the provisions of the Outer Space Treaty. This question is essential due to the possible role of extraterrestrial mineral resources, such as rare earth metals in the global economy, as well as due to the recently renewed ambitions to explore and include the deep space, including the Moon, Mars and other Solar System celestial bodies in the sphere of human economic activity. The intention of this paper is to assess both the current attempts to regulate this aspect of space mining regulation, along with the actual content of related obligations under the international law.

This paper refers to Space 4.0 - the new trend in the development of space instrumentation which means to develop faster, easier, and cheaper access to space, to use simpler and cheaper and more modern technologies for development of the satellites and their components and to build extremely big market for downstream applications. The historical background of Space 4.0 is given. Then the main characteristics of the trend and the examples of previous (Space 3.0) and current (Space 4.0) approaches are described and compared. Finally a discussion on the dangers of the Space 4.0 trend for the development of reliable scientific space equipment is presented.

Magnetorquers are actuators often utilized in satellite attitude control systems, especially in missions which target is Low Earth Orbit. This paper presents process of development of so called coreless (or air core) magnetorquer with utilization of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) technology. In comparison to other methods of coreless magnetorquers manufacturing, PCB offers very high repeatability of properties and high quality of the final product. Low workmanship effort, reasonable cost in recurrent realization, possibility of variety of shapes and possibility of integration with other subsystems PCBs makes this technology very attractive. In our work we have perform optimization of PCB magnetorquer design with respect to its size and occupied volume and compare obtained and manufactured unit to similar model designed as a wire winded on carcass. This activity has been performed in a context of the project of HyperCube platform.

Since couple of years, Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences (CBK PAN) is increasingly involved in current projects in European Space Agency. Involvement results in successful innovative designs, some of which are finally located in the space, fulfilling the missions in the deep space. CBK recent projects include structural analyses verifying design. The paper presents some aspects of mechanical analyses (excluding here the thermal loads) of the equipment for Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) – the ESA mission with the launch date set to 2022. Presented article shows the scope of work which is required by ESA in the space mission when it comes to electronic boxes structural analyses.

The crisis management faces the problem of increasing number and severity of natural and man-made disasters. Consequently there is a need to constantly increase available capabilities built upon new technologies and innovative approaches. Currently the crisis management community has no methodology nor environment allowing for systematic assessing of innovative solutions in realistic but non-operational contexts. The DRIVER+ project aims at overcoming these weaknesses in Europe. The idea of trialling, in which the term “Trial” is used in the meaning “an event for systematically assessing solutions for current and emerging needs in such a way that practitioners can do this following a pragmatic and systematic approach”, is the final project result deriving from other project outcomes and using in practice other project outputs. The objective of this paper is to present the Trials, which were held in 2018 in Poland and France according to the methodology designed within the DRIVER+.

ESA JUICE Mission JUpiter ICy moons Explorer which is planned for launch in 2022 would be consisted of 11 science instruments. For one of them, SWI (Submillimetre Wave Instrument), the dedicated Radiator was designed due to requirement for low operational temperature of crucial instrument subsystem. Located outside of the spacecraft and facing the Deep Space; exposed to highly radiative environment and high temperature gradients between Earth, Venus and Jupiter orbits; robust against launch vibrations; light-as-possible and optimized to provide maximal thermal efficiency. The design solution, which would successfully fulfill these often counteracting requirements occurred to be non-trivial. Presented design approach shows the balanced and optimized response for initial requirements, including the description of thermal performance modelling using ESATAN and structural FEM analysis calculated in NASTRAN.

Space robots will play an important role in the future space activities. On-orbit servicing, on-orbit assembly as well as active debris removal are only some of the tasks that could be accomplished using the space robots. The control systems of the space robot should be tested in order to verify the developed algorithms. Although it is difficult to conduct tests of a space robot on the Earth because of the gravity, there are several solutions that enable testing. Terrestrial-based options include parabolic flights, drop towers and planar air bearing microgravity testbeds such as the testbed possessed by the Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences (CBK PAN). This testbed is capable of testing various control systems and enables a space robot to perform complex maneuvers. The main objective of this paper is to present the upgraded testing facility. Firstly, the robotic arm of the space robot was equipped with a third kinematic pair. Secondly, new PCB boards for the main computer, joints controllers and cold-gas thrusters controller were developed. Moreover, the space robot was equipped with two stereovision cameras to detect the obstacles in the robot’s surroundings. Finally, the results of two exemplary tests carried out using the updated facility are presented.

The Operational Data Aggregation Platform (PADO) is an innovative technical solution that integrates modern ICT techniques with advanced hardware architecture based on a modular design. Its task is to integrate data from many different observational systems of the Border Guard (BG). The basic function of PADO is to increase the safety and effectiveness of BG activities effectively. The article discusses the proposed solutions for the construction of hardware architecture for the PADO platform, which enable the integration of data obtained from various systems and devices used in BG tactics. The system must ensure high reliability of work in severe propagation conditions, ICT performance in the area of information through a variety of communication channels mutually cooperating and low latency. One of the critical aspects of the system is the ability to modify the hardware layer through the implementation of modular construction and solutions based on modern standards and technologies.

Space penetrator is a device used to get beneath the surface of the celestial body in order to carry out scientific investigation. It is often forced to operate in regolith of unknown properties and this makes the ability to adapt to unforeseen conditions of the space environment its highly demanded feature. This paper describes the design concept of planetary penetrator control electronics system that allows precise control of hammering mechanism impact energy and thus is able to adjust to variety of operation modes. It is developed in CBK under the grant of The National Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR) (Contract no. PBS3/A6/23/2015) “Planetary penetrator for geological investigations on a space mission”.

Extraterrestrial geological exploration is the endeavor that most often requires breaking through the top layer of the regolith in order to transport sensors beneath its surface. One of the tools that enable this are planetary penetrators. The Laboratory of Mechatronics and Space Robotics has been developing this type of devices for many years. This paper present the concept of a new design of the electromagnetic driver for the MOLE type penetrator. It is developed in CBK under the grant of The National Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR) (Contract no. PBS3/A6/23/2015) “Planetary penetrator for geological investigations on a space mission”.

The main task of sunsensor is to convert solar energy into electrical measurement which informs in which direction with respect to the sensor is the Sun. Design described in this paper is based on Position Sensitive Detector (PSD), which is a photodiode that converts incident light energy into electrical current. In this case a two-dimensional PSD is used, since the purpose is to measure three-dimensional angles basing on a single PSD detector. This paper focuses on principle of operation of the sunsensor based on PSD (Position Sensitive Detector), calculation of required parameters for components, their selection and characterization of the working device. Design, testing system and the results of testing of manufactured unit are presented in the second part of the paper.