We report a digital image refocusing framework in fluorescence microscopy (termed “Deep-Z”), where a deep neural network is trained to virtually-refocus a 2D fluorescence image onto user-defined 3D surfaces. Using Deep-Z, we demonstrated 3D reconstruction of C. elegans neuronal activity from a 2D movie, digitally increasing the depth-of-field by 20-fold. We also demonstrated digital correction of sample drift, tilt and other image aberrations, all performed after the acquisition of a single image. Deep-Z also permits cross-modality virtual refocusing, where a single 2D wide-field image can be digitally refocused to match a confocal microscopy image captured at a different sample plane.
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