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The spectral shape near the energy gap determines the radiative limit of the open-circuit voltage in organic photovoltaic devices. In this work, we employ ultrasensitive photocurrent measurements and detect sub-gap states with energies far below gap in a large number of different donor-acceptor blends. We provide evidence that these low-energy sub-gap states are associated with radiative mid-gap trap states, generating photocurrent via an optical release process. To account for the radiative mid-gap states, we implement a two-diode model which accurately describes both the dark current and the open-circuit voltage in organic solar cells. These findings provide important insights for our current understanding of organic photovoltaic devices.
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Oskar J. Sandberg, Nasim Zarrabi, Stefan Zeiske, Wei Li, Drew B. Riley, Paul Meredith, Ardalan Armin, "The effect of radiative mid-gap trap states in organic photovoltaic devices," Proc. SPIE 11799, Physical Chemistry of Semiconductor Materials and Interfaces XX, 1179918 (1 August 2021); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2596040