This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 11926, including the Title Page, Copyright information, and Table of Contents.

The direct generation of a structured beam from a laser resonator is closely related to the formation of transverse modes. For a long time, the representation of the transverse mode of the spherical cavity is usually divided into Hermite-Gaussian (HG) and Lager-Gaussian (LG) modes. A large number of experimental results show that the generalized representation of the transverse mode is the Hermite-Laguerre-Gaussian (HLG) mode. We give a detailed overview of the theoretical description of the HLG mode from the representation of SU(2) in the Jordan-Schwinger diagram. We further show that the HLG modes can be exactly derived as the superposition of the elliptical modes without involving Hermite and Laguerre polynomials.

We demonstrate the direct generation of geometrical Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes from an annular beam pumped Nd:GdVO4 laser with a degeneracy cavity configuration. Such geometrical LG modes pave the way towards a myriad of applications, such as optical/quantum communication, optical trapping, and micro-fabrications.

The vector vortex mode generation from a Ba(NO3)2 Raman laser cavity pumped by a vector LG02 green laser was demonstrated. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Stokes outputs operated at a radially polarized mode. The maximum output energies of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Stokes were measured to be 0.33 mJ, 0.50 mJ, 0.32mJ and 0.03 mJ, respectively, at the maximum pump energy of 4.39 mJ.

Airy beam has been attracting the attention of current researchers for its unique characteristics such as self-healing property, non-diffractive nature, and self-accelerating beam trajectory. Normally, this special beam is studied based on a bulk optic platform using a spatial light modulator or cylindrical lens. Here, we propose the generation of a fiber optic onedimensional Airy-like beam using a micro-scale cylindrical lens. Experimental measurements demonstrated that the beam profile had a light distribution similar to the Airy function. Furthermore, its intensity demonstrated a curved trajectory, which originates from the self-accelerating nature of the Airy-like beam.

We propose an orbital angular momentum (OAM) photonic crystal fiber (PCF) that can control the dispersion of OAM mode by using a ring-core to which a graded-index profile is applied. Using the full-vectorial finite element method (FEM), the properties of the proposed OAM PCF were analyzed. We found that when the thickness of the ring-core to which the graded-index profile was applied is reduced, the dispersions of the modes guided to the core decrease overall.

We have succeeded in developing a new optical tweezers using nanostructured titanium crystals as an alternative to plasmonic optical tweezers. We investigated the optical trapping of gel particles using this method. When a laser beam was irradiated to the crystal, fluorescent gel particles were immediately trapped at the irradiation area. Furthermore, fluorescence spectroscopy analysis showed that fluorescence intensity increased upon trapping. In this way, we succeeded in developing a new optical tweezer with equivalent performance to plasmonic optical tweezers.

Optical tweezers are very effective for manipulating objects larger than the wavelength of light. But it is difficult at the nanoscale because of the diffraction-limited focused spot size. In this context, there is a growing interest in the manipulation nanoparticles using plasmonic nanostructures. Here, we investigated the optical rotational manipulation of nanoparticle by using plasmonic multimer structures. Under some conditions such as using circularly polarized light or optical vortex for incident light, spin angular momentum and orbital angular momentum are transferred to the localized field. In this case, to clarify the force that the nanoparticles receive, we analyzed spatial distribution of Poynting vectors closely related to scattering force.

We simulated a waveguide of an anisotropic liquid crystal(LC) in a hollow optical fiber(HOF) with O to L bands. It is known that chiral doped 5CB(4-Cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl) under a capillary boundary condition form a double-twist selfassembly structure. Since birefringence of 5CB has a negative charge, the double-twist structure is equivalent to the graded ring core waveguide. Since optical axis of LC structure has a topological charge, LP modes split into orbital angular momentum(OAM) modes. Also the chiral asymmetry of the waveguide made the nonzero OAM mode to be the highest effective index. To ensure purity of mode, OAM of each modes were calculated and compared with the degree of phase rotation. Dispersion of the modes were also calculated.

We demonstrate the formation of spiral surface relief of azo-polymers by irradiation of a rotating Hermite-Gaussian beam with zero orbital angular momentum. This approach offers new fundamental physical insight of light matter interaction, and it paves the way towards advanced ultrahigh density optical data storages.

In the present study, we have precisely tracked the three-dimensional (3D) motion of single nanoparticles under optical trapping by focused femtosecond laser pulses for detecting radiation force due to simultaneous multiphoton absorption. A 300-nm polymer particle containing dye molecules was optically trapped with pulsed laser (800 nm, 200 fs at the focal point). The 3D motion of the trapped polymer nanoparticle was observed with astigmatism fluorescence imaging method. The trapping point shifted on the optical (Z-) axis towards the propagation direction of the femtosecond laser with increasing laser power. The Z-displacement was dependent on incident laser power and, from which we concluded that the positional shift along the Z-axis can be ascribed to the radiation force due to simultaneous two-photon absorption of the laser pulses by the particle.

We demonstrate optical trapping of protein amyloid fibrils with the use of a tightly focused laser beam. Amyloid fibrils are prepared by incubating a solution of hen egg-white lysozyme under the heating condition and characterized by atomic force microscopy. Upon the focused laser irradiation, amyloid fibrils are attracted toward the laser focus and stably trapped there. After switching off the laser, the trapped amyloids start diffusion to the surrounding solution. Thus, optical force is effectively exerted on protein amyloid fibrils and useful to trap, assembly, and manipulate them.

The gradient force in the electric field induced by the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) could retard the molecular Brownian motion at solid-liquid interface. Up to date, we have already demonstrated the molecular selective manipulation through surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements. However, several effects, such as the solvents, solvation, molecular interaction, and ion pair formation, on molecular manipulation are still unclear. In this study, we have tried to reveal the crucial factors for the efficient control of the molecular manipulation within the LSPR induced electric field through SERS observations using Au array structure.

Plasmonic nanotweezers are renowned tools for trapping and handling nanoparticles via near-field optical forces. In this work, we investigate the optical trapping of polymer beads using plasmonic nanotweezers integrated on a hybrid photonic–plasmonic chip. A periodic chain of gold nanorods coupled to a silicon photonic waveguide is used to trap single beads as well as self-assembled bead clusters. We evaluate the trapping efficiency and the trapping potential of the nanotweezers by particle tracking and statistical analysis. Vacancy-free clusters composed of four and seven beads are found to be the most stable due to the simultaneous actions of both optical and electrostatic forces. Those results evidence the role of plasmonic nanotweezers for efficient particle assembly and manipulation at the nanoscale in future lab-on-achip applications.

We demonstrate plasmonic optical trapping of two types of thermoresponsive polymer gel particles labelled with fluorescent probes. Plasmonic optical tweezers (POT) enhance optical force about 104 times more than conventional optical tweezers. On the other hand, it accompanies thermophoresis. Therefore, using thermoresponsive polymer gels, we can utilize the thermophoresis for microseparation. The two types of polymer gel particles were trapped in accordance with their size in. Smaller gel particles were trapped near the irradiation area and larger gel particles were trapped outside of the smaller gel particles. We discuss a mechanism of separation of these particles.

We demonstrate the creation of a microdroplet with a plasmonic Au nanoparticle core by employing the optical vortex laser-induced forward transfer technology. The single plasmonic nanoparticle in the microdroplet is printed as a plasmonic nanocore on a receiver substrate with a spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit. This phenomenon manifests that the optical vortex traps three-dimensionally only a suspended single Au nanoparticle in its dark core by its repulsive force owing to plasmonic resonance, and it has the potential to realize a myriad of plasmonic structured materials.

We demonstrate the optical trapping of a single dielectric nanoparticle in a microfluidic chamber using a coupled Tshaped copper plasmonic nanoantenna at 1064 nm wavelength for studying light–matter interactions. The nanoantenna consists of two copper elements separated by a 50 nm gap and each element is featured with two nanoblocks. We present the finite element method numerical simulations to clarify the optical trapping process, including near-field distributions, optical forces, temperature rises, and thermal-induced fluid velocities. Our results show that the plasmon-assisted responses produced by the copper nanoantenna are quite similar to the gold nanoantenna owing to the comparable optical and thermal properties. We envision the designed copper nanoantenna could become a novel enabling tool that could potentially open new opportunities in various fields of science, such as quantum information processing and photonic integrated circuits.

We numerically investigate the convection of surrounding fluid in optical trapping of micro- and nanoparticles. The effects of the laser irradiation on the fluid simulation are twofold. First, we take into account the temperature increase of the fluid due the photothermal effect of the solvent, that is, the fluid flow is described by the Navier-Stokes equations under the Boussinesq approximation. Second, we assume that the suspended particles drag the fluid when they are transported by the optical force. This dragging effect is considered in the fluid simulation by adding to the Navier-Stokes equation an external forcing term, which is modelled by considering the counterbalance between the optical scattering force and the Stokes drag. It is shown that the latter effect is dominant under the usual experimental setup in optical trapping of particles with the diameter larger than 0.5 μm. Furthermore, the particle size dependence on the convective flow speed is investigated. The numerical results are supported by optical trapping experiment qualitatively.

In this work, we employ an optical trapping-Raman spectroscopy technique for simultaneous characterization and monitoring of the physical and chemical properties of single small micro-plastics in a seawater environment. Through analysis of the data, we chemically identify the plastic and distinguish it from organic matter and/or mineral sediments. Additionally, we categorize the particles based on their size and shapes such as beads, fragments, and fibers. The proposed technique paves the way to understand the fragmentation process of aged polymers, as well as to monitoring marine plastic pollution.

The chiro-optical effects are measured through the spectroscopic methods typified by optical rotation (OR) and circular dichroism (CD). The chiro-optical effect can also appear as the motion of the chiral particles illuminated by the circularly polarized light. When a chiral nanoparticle is optically trapped using a circularly polarized laser beam, the circular polarization (CP) dependent gradient force is expected to be induced on the particle. We investigated the CP-dependent gradient force for the three-dimensionally chiral nanoparticles. The experimental result showed that the gradient force depended on the handedness of CP (left- or right-handed) of the trapping light as well as on the handedness of the particle chirality. The extended aspect of the chiral optical force obtained here can give us novel methodologies for the researches of chirality sensing, manipulation, separation, enantio-selective biological reaction.

The phase-modulated holographic storage system has the advantages of high storage density, high signal-to-noise ratio, and low bit error rate, which is becoming a strong competitor of the current big data storage technology. Since the phase information cannot be detected directly, how to quickly and accurately calculate and retrieve the phase is a research hotspot. Traditional non-interferometric phase retrieval systems usually need multiple iterations or taking several intensity images to retrieve the phase information. Repeated iteration or multiple image shooting decreases the data transfer rate. In this paper, a lensless non-interferometric phase retrieval method based on deep learning is proposed. We use a neural convolutional network to establish the relationship between the intensity images and the phase data pages. The phase can be retrieved directly by feeding the intensity image to the trained neural network. This phase retrieval method doesn’t need iterations anymore and can improve the data transfer rate of the phase-modulated holographic storage system greatly.

Establishing technologies to separate chiral materials is a challenging goal for various research fields. We theoretically study the chiral molecular sorting by using resonant optical force. Based on the coupled dipole model of a dye-molecule with chirality, we evaluate the optical force difference when irradiating the counter-propagating light waves with different circular polarizations. The result indicates the possibility of chiral molecular sorting by resonant optical force.

We have demonstrated low-damage optical condensation by developing an unconventional substrate with controlled spatial configuration of photothermal source. This substrate was called as “bubble-mimetic substrate”, in which, a solid microsphere with the same size as light-induced sub-millimeter bubble was chemically fixed on the substrate and coated with metallic thin film. Under CW laser irradiation onto the metallic thin film on the top of the solid microsphere, several tens thousands of useful bacteria dispersed in liquid were assembled around the solid microsphere with survival rate higher than 95 %. Such a high survival rate was maintained even if laser power was increased to be approximately 60 mW. Our obtained result will expand the application range of optical condensation in biological science.

We report on a numerical study of interaction optical torque between twisted gold nanorods induced by the plasmon coupling. Our results indicate that interaction optical torque can be generated and enhanced by the plasmon coupling between twisted nanorods, highly depending on the gap size and twisted angle. This interaction optical torque implements the rotations to mutually perpendicular and parallel arrangements of nanorods with the light excitations of different plasmon modes. Thus, the interaction optical torque induced by the plasmon coupling will play an important role to control the plasmonic characteristics and functions.

The excitation of the localized surface plasmon leads to the generation of highly localized electric field. Within the field, the huge field gradient can manipulate molecular behavior, resulting in possible modulation of chemical reactions at electrified interfaces with plasmon-active metal nanostructures. In this study, we have observed the effect of the plasmonic excitation on the plasmon-induced hydrogen evolution reactions. Through various photoelectrochemical measurements, the appearance of the unique molecular process has been observed through the examination of the isotopic effect. In addition, the functionalization of the plasmonic electrode using the molecular catalyst has also been examined.

We have theoretically clarified the Marangoni effect can contribute to the needle formation in laser processing with an optical vortex. Using the simulation method of laser processing based on the computational fluid dynamics, we evaluated the laser-induced heating, phase-change, and molten material behavior. Under the irradiation of optical vortex with ringshaped intensity distribution, the Marangoni force toward the beam center acted on the molten material. As a result, in the presence of the Marangoni effect, the protrusion structure could be formed. The obtained results will reveal the mechanism that the optical vortex forms the needle shape, and lead to the development of laser processing with the angular momentum.

In contrast to paraxial waves, strongly confined light can carry significant transverse spin angular momentum. Here we report on its direct detection in the evanescent electromagnetic field near the ultrathin waist of an optical nanofiber waveguide. We demonstrate the spin by its contribution to rotation of an anisotropic microsphere held and spun near the nanofiber waist by optical tweezers. By setting the driving spin angular momentum in the optical tweezers to be parallel or antiparallel with respect to the transverse spin near the nanofiber, we can speed up or slow down the particle’s rotation by about a half of the rotation rate observed without the light in the fiber. We also explore the dependence of this optomechanical effect on the propagation direction and polarization of the guided light.

We developed a generalized discrete dipole approximation (DDA) method that treats both electric and magnetic polarizations simultaneously. This method allows us to incorporate electromagnetic responses of chiral materials. We investigated near-field electric and near-field magnetic fields for both the case of a single achiral molecule and the case of a single chiral one with Pasteur parameter in the vicinity of gold nanostructures. We found the effect of the single molecules to be widespread on the metal surface, when the difference in the response electromagnetic field of these structures to rightand left-handed circularly polarized light was investigated. In addition, even though the gold structure alone does not show any magnetic response to the photoelectric field, the difference in the magnetic response to circularly polarized light appears on the metal edges near the chiral molecule. This result suggests that the measurement of the near-field field reflecting the electro-magnetic effect of chiral molecules may allow us to detect a significant effect on chirality that cannot be obtained by the measurement of the near-field electric field alone.

Thermally driven microswimmers self-propel by con- verting a self-generated heat flow to motion. In the last decade, many studies have been performed on Janus col- loids, which absorb laser light through an active cap, resulting in a temperature gradient and corresponding thermodynamic forces along the surface [1]. Particles trapped between two fluid phases, on the other hand, are advected by the Marangoni flow due to the temperature gradient along the interface [2, 3]. Steering along a given trajectory has been implemented by dynamical feedback [4] or spatial shaping of the laser beam [5]. Active motion arises from the creep flow along the particle surface. Its axisymmetric component results in linear motion of the Janus particle. In various instances, however, active particles show also rotational motion. Thus complex trajectories have been observed for Janus colloids carrying a metal cap of irregular shape or moving in a in non- uniform laser intensity profile [3–6].

Optical tweezers have propelled the advancement of micro-manipulation. Yet not all materials can be optically tweezed, and high laser intensities can be harmful to living organisms. We propose a method for using optical tweezers to indirectly control particles which are freely diffusing in water. By optically trapping and controlling specially designed actuators, the surrounding fluid can be locally manipulated in a predictable manner. This, in turn, offers materialindependent hydrodynamic control over nearby free objects. We experimentally demonstrate control over translational and rotational motion of individual objects, and multiple particles simultaneously.

Optical traps using different configurations of optical fibers facilitate the trapping, manipulation, and characterization of particles ranging from dielectric beads, through anisotropic particles such as rare-earth doped nanorods. Here, we will introduce several such configurations, including the quasi-Bessel beam optical fiber tweezers and the optical nanofiber, and illustrate the variety of measurements that can be made depending on the configuration chosen. These optical traps provide us with unique opportunities to explore topics such as spin-orbit coupling and emission spectroscopy.

We demonstrate surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based optical trapping of quantum-dot (QD) nanoparticles suspended in water with a bull’s eye-type plasmonic chip. The particle dynamics of QD suspensions at the laser focus was evaluated by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. The average transit time of QD suspensions on the plasmonic chip increased than that on the coverslip, suggesting that single QD was more constrained at the focal spot due to optical trapping enhanced with SPR.

While optical forces could be used to select and sieve nanoparticles based on their optical properties, their mechanical action is usually too weak to overcome the fast Brownian diffusion of nanoparticles dispersed in a liquid phase. Among various theoretical proposals and experimental realizations of optical sorting techniques, glass capillaries with micrometer or submicrometer diameters offer a promising approach to achieve efficient optical sorting of nanoparticles. By confining dispersed nanoparticles into the light path over few-millimeter-long distances, it provides enough time/distance for weak optomechanical interactions to affect the motion and the concentration of nanoparticles at the macroscopic scale. In this work, we report on our recent experimental results.

An optical vortex beam (OVB) is obtained when a Gaussian beam is transmitted through an appropriately designed spiral phase plate (SPP). The OVB can be deformed by displacements of the optical axis of the incident Gaussian beam from the center of the SPP. We calculated the deformation of OVB using theoretical simulations and discussed the results. When the incident-beam optical axis is shifted from the SPP center, the dark hole is shifted from the output-beam center. The far-field optical intensity distribution of a doughnut shape is changed to a crescent pattern and finally becomes to a Gaussian beam according to the dark hole shift. These results are important for fabrication of a SPP integrated laser.

We suggest a new way of using Bessel beams to achieve n-dimensional optical control of high-refractive index microparticles. Although classic optical trapping generally uses bulk optics, this study uses small fiber optics with maximized efficiency. The Bessel beams follow the propagation axis, and the gradient force generated during this process creates an axial optical power that enables the confinement of particles. Due to the non-diffractive property of this beam, the beam diameter is much longer than that of a general Gaussian beam and has a self-healing property that suppresses the deformation of the beam.

We propose a novel concept of using a noncollinear AOTF as a spatial beam shaping device for programmable laser beam shaping. The AOTF transfer function symmetry is used to provide a ring-shaped field distribution.

The drive for high-bandwidth, secure communications links has led to space-division-multiplexing (SDM) becoming a burgeoning area of study, where multiplexing independent spatial channels can act to increase the capacity of communication links. SDM techniques implemented in systems employing both optical and radiofrequency carriers have recently received interest from the community for use within point-to-point communication links, particularly in long distance fibre links [1– 3]. Many of these studies have driven the development of tools and technologies for the efficient collection and processing of the light carrying spatial information that can be repurposed for novel sensing applications. Localised heating, suspended particles, turbidity and mechanical mixing, such as moving air or flowing water, all result in degradation of the optical field [4, 6]. The specific degradation that occurs over the channel can reveal important information about the physical properties of the environment the beam have propagated through.

In this work, we experimentally demonstrate the Dyakonov surface wave mode at visible frequency in a hyperbolic metasurface. The extremely strong anisotropy of the hyperbolic metasurface enables two Dyakonov surface waves on the two surfaces of the hyperbolic metasurface. Strong coupling between the two surface waves forms a Dyakonov type surface wave mode, which is highly directional and lossless, and has significant applications in two-dimensional photonic circuits and devices.

Optical tweezers enable the manipulation of micro-and nano dielectric particles through entrapment using a tightly focused laser. Generally, optical trapping of sub-micron size particles requires high intensity light in the order of MW/cm2. Here, we demonstrate a technique of stable optical trapping of submicron polymeric beads on nanostructured rare metal surfaces (RMS) without the use of lasers. Fluorescent polymer beads with diameter d = 20 – 500 nm were successfully trapped on the nanostructured RMS by low-intensity focused illumination of incoherent light at =370 m from a Hg lamp. Light intensity was 5.5 W/cm2, corresponding to a reduced light intensity of 6 orders of magnitude. Upon switching off illumination, trapped particles were released from the illuminated area, indicating that the trapping was optically driven and reversible. The nanostructures were demonstrated to play a key role.

We fabricated semiconductor zinc oxide microspheres via the pulsed laser ablation in the superfluid helium. The fabricated microspheres have a smooth surface and act as an optical microcavity showing whispering gallery mode resonances. We observed the inner structure of the microspheres after milling the part of the microspheres using focused ion beam. The observation of the milled surface reveals that some of the fabricated microspheres include voids. In particular, the larger microspheres tend to have voids inside themselves. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the microspheres with voids can have a high quality factor whispering gallery mode resonance if the void is positioned near the middle of the volume.

The manipulation of small objects by optical force has been applied in a wide variety of research fields such as biology, photochemistry, and optomechanics. These techniques have been developed mainly by designing the irradiated light. For example, the tightly focused laser beam, optical vortex, and near-field light are used. On the other hand, luminescence also occurs by irradiated light, which results in optical force. In this contribution, we propose an unconventional type of optical force, i.e., the luminescence-induced optical force (LiOF). Designing the dielectric environment surrounding the materials, the LiOF can be effectively generated. We also demonstrate that LiOF autonomously drives the motion of the material. Our results will provide new insights into developing unconventional optomechanics.

Optical tweezing technology is used for versatile micro-nano particle manipulations. For trajectory control, a variety of self-accelerating beams with bending trajectory have been investigated. However, because of their imperfection of low curvature in microscopic environment, we devised new all-fiber self-accelerating Bessel-like beam generator enhanced with high curvature. This research would contribute to living cell or micro particle manipulation.

Ring-shaped Ag-Pt nanoparticles (NRs) showing an LSPR peak were prepared via galvanic replacement of Ag nanoplates with H2PtCl6. The intensity and wavelength of the peak was controllable by changing the chemical composition of the NRs. The Ag-Pt NRs exhibited an electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction, which was enhanced by the photoexcitation of LSPR.

Highly reflective reflector (> 99.9%) operating at deep ultraviolet (DUV) wavelength region around 244 nm was proposed by using subwavelength grating (SWG) patterned AlN substrate. Structural parameters of AlN-SWG were desgined for DUV reflector using the wavenumber dispersion relation of the eiegenmdoes resulting from its periodic refractive index distribution. The electromagnetic field calculated by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method revealed the polarization selective reflection characteristics of the designed AlN-SWG, and the SWG can achieve more than 99% reflectivity of p-polarization (the electric field is perpendicular to the grating fingers) at the DUV wavelength of 244 nm. This extremely high reflectivity, polarization selectivity and compactness of our AlN-SWG are very useful for various DUV applications, such as cavity of DUV laser diodes.

Phase-modulation holographic data storage is imaging on the Fourier plane, and the imaging quality has a great influence on phase retrieval. The iterative Fourier transform algorithm in the non-interference phase retrieval algorithm is widely used because of its simple and stable system. By adding embedded data to the phase encoding method, the number of iterations can be effectively reduced. However, the intensity of high-frequency information in Fourier intensity is weaker and more susceptible to noise. To solve this problem, this paper proposes to use embedded data to improve the intensity of high-frequency information in the Fourier intensity distribution, thereby improving noise immunity. In simulation, the convergence speed of BER (the bit error rate) is faster under the same number of iterations.

The phase holographic storage system is different from the traditional object -image corresponding imaging. Because of the particularity of phase, it is not easy to be captured by the traditional detector. Therefore, the Fourier lens is used for Fourier transform to image it on the Fourier plane. The Fourier intensity is detected and the phase is recovered iteratively by using the iterative Fourier transform algorithm. Due to the existence of aberrations, the wavefront phase will be affected and the phase will be distorted.In this paper, we mainly study the influence of spherical aberration on phase transformation. By establishing the light field with wavefront aberration, we study the influence of wavefront aberration on phase recovery and propose the image restoration algorithm for aberration compensation .The feasibility of the theory is proved.

The proposal of the research was used vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) as an auxiliary discoloration layer was deposited by magnetron sputtering with different oxygen flow, and the cycle durability and transmittance variation were investigated using a spectrophotometer. An all-solid-state complementary ITO/WO₃/Li-NbO₃/V₂O₅/ITO electrochromic device was all deposited with magnetron sputtering. The results show that V2O5 has the better performance at oxygen flow of 2 sccm for the transmittance variation of ΔT = T_b - T_c =17 %. The cycle area and durability are also better than that of other oxygen flow. However, V₂O₅ and WO₃ has the potential to form an all-solid-state ITO/WO₃/Li-NbO₃/V₂O₅/ITO electrochromic device

A method for collinear non-interferometric phase retrieval holographic data storage using a single reference pixel is proposed. The known embedded data of the signal beam in the traditional off-axis holographic data storage system is placed in the reference beam through the collinear holographic data storage system, which greatly improves the material utilization rate. And increasing the intensity of the reference beam can achieve phase retrieval using only one reference pixel. As the intensity of the reference beam becomes stronger within a certain range, the number of iterations gradually decreases. With this method, the phase retrieval can be achieved even when the total energy of the reference beam is less than the signal beam. In the simulation, the four-level phase pattern was recorded and the phase was restored correctly.