Micro-Raman and luminescence spectroscopic techniques for the characterization and process control of Rb+-exchanged KTiOPO4 waveguides

David D. Tuschel; Suzanne D. Lau; William P. Risk

doi:10.1117/12.239672

10 May 1996 Micro-Raman and luminescence spectroscopic techniques for the characterization and process control of Rb⁺ exchanged KTiOPO₄ waveguides

David D. Tuschel, Suzanne D. Lau, William P. Risk

Author Affiliations +

Proceedings Volume 2700, Nonlinear Frequency Generation and Conversion; (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.239672
Event: Photonics West '96, 1996, San Jose, CA, United States

Abstract

The fabrication of ion-exchanged waveguides with high-frequency doubling conversion efficiency requires high-quality crystalline substrates, an understanding of the effects of partial cation exchange on the optical properties of the waveguide, and control of the degree and effects of ion-exchange. To address these needs we have developed micro-Raman and luminescence spectroscopic techniques for the characterization and process control of Rb⁺ exchanged KTiOPO₄ (R/KTP) waveguides. We report on the use of laser excited luminescence to screen device substrates for unacceptable levels of impurity transition metals, which contribute to photorefraction and optical losses due to absorption. Micro-Raman spectroscopy has been used to probe types of R/KTP channel waveguides for the degree and effects of Rb⁺ exchange. The high spatial resolution and nondestructive nature of micro-Raman spectroscopy make it suitable as a probe for in situ characterization of photonic devices. Specifically, micro-Raman spectroscopy can detect cation-exchange induced changes in the polarizability, reduction of crystal symmetry, and changes in the chemical bonding and orientation of TiO₆ octahedra, the anionic groups primarily responsible for the nonlinear properties of the materia. Individual R/KTP waveguides from different devices have been studied by micro-Raman spectroscopy and structural differences have been detected. The uniformity of a channel waveguide is another quality that can be readily probed and quantified by micro-Raman spectroscopy.

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David D. Tuschel, Suzanne D. Lau, and William P. Risk "Micro-Raman and luminescence spectroscopic techniques for the characterization and process control of Rb⁺ exchanged KTiOPO₄ waveguides", Proc. SPIE 2700, Nonlinear Frequency Generation and Conversion, (10 May 1996); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.239672

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KEYWORDS

Waveguides

Micro raman spectroscopy

Ferroelectric materials

Crystals

Luminescence

Channel waveguides

Metals

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