In solid hydrocarbons and carbonaceous substances of terrestrial and cosmic origin, abiogenic synthesis of protein
amino acids takes place, and their concentrations can be very high. The main mechanisms of their formation are
crystallization, thermal synthesis, and radiosynthesis. Amino acid spectra are individual for different genetic types of
bitumens, and together with other data they can be successfully used for geo- and astrobioproblematics indication. Their
usage in the capacity of biomarkers is challenged due to the convergence of characteristics connected with biomineral
homologies.
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