Open Access Paper
6 October 2003 Fractional order Fourier transform as a tool for analyzing multi-element optical system
César O. Torres M., Yezid Torres M.
Author Affiliations +
Proceedings Volume 9663, Eighth International Topical Meeting on Education and Training in Optics and Photonics; 96632E (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2207466
Event: Eighth International Topical Meeting on Education and Training in Optics and Photonics, 2003, Tucson, Arizona, United States
Abstract
The ABCD matrix formalism, the Collins formula and the complex amplitude distributions on two spherical surfaces of given curvature and spacing are adapted to the mathematical expression of fractional order Fourier transform. This result provides a general expression as a tool for analyzing complicated systems involving several lenses and mirrors separated by arbitrary distances; for this class of system it is sufficient to specify the ray transfer matrix and the order of fractional Fourier transform to characterize the system completely.

1.

INTRODUCTION

The fractional Fourier transform, which is an extension of the conventional Fourier transform to the fractional order has been introduced into the mathematics literature by Namias[1] in 1980; recently, Mendlovic, Ozaktas and others authors [2-6] introduced a new tool for image analysis in optics; since then, its properties, optical implementation and applications have been studied extensively. An operational definition of fractional Fourier transform in optics and the interpretation of fractional order Fourier transform as the mathematical representation of Fresnel diffraction was stated. Lohmann gave a different definition of the fractional Fourier transform that is based on the Wigner distribution functions. The purpose of this paper is to formulate the fractional order Fourier transform operator; this formula gives the direct relationship between input and output of multi-element optical system.

The study of the ray transfer matrix is particularly useful to simplify the analysis of optical situations; the Collins formula, is a diffraction integral formula for complicated optical system and establishes a bridge between the ray optics and wave optics under paraxial approximation. We show how the combinations of the ray transfer matrix, the Collins formula and the fractional order Fourier transform, result in a new approach suitable for the study of optical structures, where the propagation of light can be viewed as a process of continual fractional Fourier transformation.

2.

Ray transfer matrix

Under paraxial conditions the properties of rays in optical system can be treated with the elegant formalism of the ray transfer matrix; a paraxial ray in a given cross section of an optical system is characterized by its distance of x from the optic axis and slope x'. If this slope is assumed small, the ray path through any given structure depends on the structure’s optical properties, of the structure and on the input conditions. In this situation the relation between the input and output parameters is given for:

00085_psisdg9663_96632E_page_2_1.jpg

The ABCD matrix is called the ray transfer matrix and generally speaking the determinant is unity.

3.

The fractional Fourier transform and the Collins formula

From plane U A (ξ,η) to U P (u, v), the diffraction field amplitude can be written in Collins diffraction integral equation; the Collins formula in space-domain which gives the relationship between the input complex amplitude U A (ξ,η) and the output one U P (u, v)can be rewritten as:

00085_psisdg9663_96632E_page_2_2.jpg

Illuminating the input plane U A (ξ,η) with the spherical wave of the radius00085_psisdg9663_96632E_page_2_5.jpg, after a little algebra; the equation (2) can be written in a considerably simpler manner in terms of the fractional order Fourier transform given by:

00085_psisdg9663_96632E_page_2_3.jpg

Where:

00085_psisdg9663_96632E_page_2_4.jpg

A fractional Fourier transform relation α of order nα between the output field complex amplitude U P (u, v) and the input field complex U A (ξ,η), can be obtained with 00085_psisdg9663_96632E_page_2_6.jpg; (α real parameter).

The phase factor it is a quadratic phase factor representing a quadratic approximation to a spherical wave, therefore the field complex amplitude over the output U P (u,v) is over spherical surface with the radius R2 and proportional to the Fractional Fourier Transform of order α of the input field complex amplitude U A (ξ,η), Where:

00085_psisdg9663_96632E_page_3_1.jpg

Then it can be concluded that any ABCD optical system satisfying the relation (5) can implement a fractional order Fourier transform between spherical surfaces with R1 and R2 radius.

4.

General optics system analyzed as fractional order Fourier transform.

Equation (5) implies that the condition for a fractional order Fourier transform is that B ≠ 0; in this situation the field amplitude U P (u, v) represents the fractional order Fourier transform of the field amplitude Ua(ξ,η), note that, just as with the wave optics operators, the ray transfer matrices should be applied in the sequence in which the structures are encountered if light propagates first through a structure with ray transfer matrix M1, then through a structure with ray transfer matrix M2, etc, with a final structure having ray transfer matrix Mn, then the overall ray transfer matrix for the entire system is M = MnM2M1.

4.1.

Fractional order Fourier transform relation between the amplitude distributions of light on two spherical surfaces of given radii and ray transfer matrix.

Note that Eq (5) implies that R1 > B and 00085_psisdg9663_96632E_page_3_3.jpg; D ≠ 0; then a fractional order

Fourier transform relation exist between two spherical surfaces of radii R1 and R2. We can now write Eq (5) in the form:

00085_psisdg9663_96632E_page_3_2.jpg

Then it can be concluded that any ABCD optical system satisfying the relation (6) can implement a fractional order Fourier transform, we now discuss the consequences of this equation from five perspectives:

  • 1. A fractional order Fourier transform relation exists between two spherical surfaces of radii R1 and R2 if and only 00085_psisdg9663_96632E_page_3_4.jpg.

  • 2. Letting α = π (the parity transformation) it is possible to show that Eq (6) implies the well known imaging condition for multielement optical system.

  • 3. Letting 00085_psisdg9663_96632E_page_3_5.jpg (the usual Fourier transform) in Eq (6) we see that the complex amplitude distribution of the field in the spherical surfaces of radii R2 is the standard Fourier transform of the field on the spherical surface of radii R1.

  • 4. In Eq (6) we can easily find the confinement stability condition for multielement resonator; which coincides with the result obtained by self – consistence method for resonators. We can say that a fractional Fourier transform relation of order a between spherical surfaces of radii R1 and R2 implies the confinement stability condition for multielement spherical mirror resonator.

  • 5. In accordance with Eq (3) and Eq (6) the diffraction integral evaluation of an multielement optical system can be easily carried out in terms of the ABCD matrix.

In the particular situation when 00085_psisdg9663_96632E_page_4_2.jpg the Eq (6) implies that 00085_psisdg9663_96632E_page_4_3.jpg; then the matrix element A = 0 and the result turns out to the usual Fourier transform.

4.2.

Fractional order Fourier transform relation between planar surfaces.

We have seen that there exist a fractional order Fourier transform relation between two spherical surface; in Eq (6) we now consider that R1 → ∞ and R2 → ∞ (fractional Fourier transform between planar surfaces) Eq (6) then becomes cos2 α = AD. Letting α = π denote the order of transformation occurring from the input plane U A (ξ,η) to the output plane U P (u, v), we can write the imaging condition (for an inverted image) as 1 = AD. The usual Fourier transform corresponds to 00085_psisdg9663_96632E_page_4_4.jpg and Eq (6) then becomes 0 = AD; evidently when the matrix elements A and D are equal to zero we see that the complex amplitude distribution of the field in the output plane U P (u, v) is the Fourier transform of the field in the input plane U A (ξ,η).

4.3.

Fractional order Fourier transform operator.

According to equation (3) only one operator is used to express field transfer by diffraction for an optical system described by an ABCD matrix; the relationship between the input and output functions can be established by Eq (3). To understand how to use this operator, consider an spherical emitter UA (ξ,η) of radii R1 followed by section of free space d1, followed by lens of focal length f1, followed by section of free space d2, followed by lens of focal length f 2, followed by section of free space d3, and spherical receiver U P (u, v) of radii R2 (Fig. 1). The corresponding ABCD matrix reads as:

00085_psisdg9663_96632E_page_5_1.jpg

Fig. 1.

Optical system between spherical emitter and spherical receiver.

00085_psisdg9663_96632E_page_4_1.jpg

According to operator in equation (3), the relationship between the complex amplitude distribution on the spherical emitter UA (ξ,η) with radii R1 and the complex amplitude distribution on the spherical receiver U P (u, v) with radii R2 can be established as:

00085_psisdg9663_96632E_page_5_2.jpg

Given R1 and ABCD matrix; if we wished to design a fractional Fourier transform system with specific order α using Eq (5) we can obtain R2.

Given R1, R2 and ABCD matrix if we wish to design a fractional Fourier transform system using Eq (6) we can obtain the specific order α.

In fig. 1. alternatively, let us consider an pair of planar surfaces with R1 → ∞ and R2 → ∞, it is now possible derived the well known Fourier transforming properties of lenses by Goodmann (d3 = 0 and f2 → ∞), the canonical assemblies by Lohmann, (d1= d2 d3 =0, f1 = f, and f2 → ∞ type-I setup); (d1 = d3 = 0 and f1 = f2 = f type-II setup), the imaging condition (α = π, d3 = 0 and f2 → ∞) optical system as performing two consecutive fractional Fourier transform operations (d2 = d1 + d3); condition for U P (u, v) to be the coherent image of UA(ξ,η) and U P (u, v) to be the standard Fourier transformation of UA(ξ,η) (00085_psisdg9663_96632E_page_5_3.jpg).

This result shows that the fractional order Fourier transform operator Eq (3) provide a convenient and systematic technique for analysis of optical system described by an ABCD matrix

5.

Summary

In this paper using the Collins formula, the ray transfer matrix and the fractional order Fourier transform we have derived the fractional order Fourier transform operator; in addition this operator provide a new way of analyzing optical system involving several lenses and mirrors separated by arbitrary distances.

6.

Acknowledgments

The first author would like to acknowledge the Grupo de Optica y Tratamiento de Señales of the Physics School of the Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS) where the first author carries out studies for obtaining the grade of Ph.D.

References

1. 

W. Goodman, “Introduction to Fourier optics,” 34 McGraw-Hill, New York (1996). Google Scholar

2. 

A. W. Lohmann, “Image rotation, Wigner rotation, and the fractional Fourier transform,” J.Opt. Soc.Am. A, 10 2181 –2186 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.10.002181 Google Scholar

3. 

S. Granieri, O. Trabocchi and E. E. Sicre, “Fractional Fourier transform applied to spatial filtering in the Fresnel domain,” Opt. Comunn, 119 275 –278 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(95)00348-C Google Scholar

4. 

P. Pellat-Finet, “Fresnel diffraction and the fractional-order Fourier transform,” Opt. Let, 19 1388 –1390 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.19.001388 Google Scholar

5. 

H. Ozaktas and D. Mendlovic, “Fractional Fourier transform as a tool for analyzing beam propagation and spherical mirror resonators,” Opt. Let, 19 (21), 1678 –1680 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.19.001678 Google Scholar

6. 

H. Ozaktas and D. Mendlovic, “Fractional Fourier optics,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 12 (4), 743 –750 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.12.000743 Google Scholar
© (2003) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
César O. Torres M. and Yezid Torres M. "Fractional order Fourier transform as a tool for analyzing multi-element optical system", Proc. SPIE 9663, Eighth International Topical Meeting on Education and Training in Optics and Photonics, 96632E (6 October 2003); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2207466
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KEYWORDS
Fourier transforms

Spherical lenses

Fractional fourier transform

Geometrical optics

Diffraction

Multi-element lenses

Lenses

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