Near-infrared Photoacoustic imaging (NIR-PA) can enable deep-tissue imaging, yet clinical translation has been hindered by a lack of suitable NIR-PA contrast agents. The FDA-approved Indocyanine green (ICG) dye is a promising candidate, but it offers limited targeting ability and poor stability. To address this unmet need, we examined three novel ICG-based platforms in the form of DNA scaffolds, J-aggregates, and nanobubbles. We demonstrate that all three platforms yield a PA signal stronger than whole blood at concentrations as low as 45 µM and are amenable to molecular targeting.
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