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27 July 2018 Efficient nonlinear beamformer based on P’th root of detected signals for linear-array photoacoustic tomography: application to sentinel lymph node imaging
Moein Mozaffarzadeh, Vijitha Periyasamy, Manojit Pramanik, Bahador Makkiabadi
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Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 23, Issue 12, 121604 (July 2018). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.23.12.121604
Abstract
In linear-array transducer-based photoacoustic (PA) imaging, B-scan PA images are formed using the raw channel PA signals. Delay-and-sum (DAS) is the most prevalent algorithm due to its simple implementation, but it leads to low-quality images. Delay-multiply-and-sum (DMAS) provides a higher image quality in comparison with DAS while it imposes a computational burden of O  (  M2  )  . We introduce a nonlinear (NL) beamformer for linear-array PA imaging, which uses the p’th root of the detected signals and imposes the complexity of DAS [O  (  M  )  ]. The proposed algorithm is evaluated numerically and experimentally [wire-target and in-vivo sentinel lymph node (SLN) imaging], and the effects of the parameter p are investigated. The results show that the NL algorithm, using a root of p (NL_p), leads to lower sidelobes and higher signal-to-noise ratio compared with DAS and DMAS, for (p  >  2). The sidelobes level (for the wire-target phantom), at the depth of 11.4 mm, are about −31, −52, −52, −67, −88, and −109  dB, for DAS, DMAS, NL_2, NL_3, NL_4, and NL_5, respectively, indicating the superiority of the NL_p algorithm. In addition, the best value of p for SLN imaging is reported to be 12.
© 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) 1083-3668/2018/$25.00 © 2018 SPIE
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Moein Mozaffarzadeh, Vijitha Periyasamy, Manojit Pramanik, and Bahador Makkiabadi "Efficient nonlinear beamformer based on P’th root of detected signals for linear-array photoacoustic tomography: application to sentinel lymph node imaging," Journal of Biomedical Optics 23(12), 121604 (27 July 2018). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.23.12.121604
Received: 19 April 2018; Accepted: 13 June 2018; Published: 27 July 2018
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KEYWORDS
Signal detection
Phased arrays
Signal to noise ratio
Image quality
Lymphatic system
Interference (communication)
Ultrasonography
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