2.1.

Materials

The BCP materials utilized in this work are listed in Table 1. The cylindrical and lamellar phase-separation materials utilized were polymethylmethacrylate-b-polymethacrylethylPOSS (PMMA-b-PMAEtPOSS) and polymethylmethacrylate-b-polymethacryli-butylPOSS (PMMA-b-PMAIBPOSS). PMMA-b-PMAEtPOSS and PMMA-b-PMAIBPOSS were synthesized by living anionic polymerization.^17,18 The domain sizes of microphase separation listed in Table 1 were obtained by bulk small angle x-ray scattering measurements. As the NL material, polymethylmethacrylate-r-polymethacryli-butylPOSS-r-polyglycidylmethacrylate (PMMA-r-PMAIBPOSS-r-PGMA) was utilized. The NL materials were synthesized by a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization method using 2-phenyl-2-propyl benzodithioate as an initiator.¹⁹ The PMAIBPOSS volume in the random polymer was varied from 52% to 61%. Mn and polydispersity index (PDI = Mw/Mn) were measured by gel permeation chromatography. BCP composition was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum measurement. The volume of NL polymer composition was calculated from the composition ratio determined by NMR spectrum.

Table 1

Block copolymer materials and neutral layer (NL) materials.

2.2.

Preparation Process of DSA

Graphoepitaxy guide of patterned spin-on-glass (SOG) substrate was prepared as follows. A substrate consisting of a 100-nm thick layer of SOG was formed on an Si wafer. SOG material was supplied from a resist vendor. A Clean TRACK™ ACT12™ (Tokyo Electron Ltd.) was used for SOG coating, baking, and rinsing On the SOG film, and a commercially available ArF immersion photoresist was coated. A Clean TRACK™ LITHIUS™ (Tokyo Electron Ltd.) was used for the ArF immersion photoresist coating, baking, and development. An NSR-S610C (Nikon Corp., 1.3NA) ArF excimer laser immersion scanner was used for exposures. Using the photoresist pattern as an etching mask, SOG film was etched to form 10-nm depth trenches by ${\mathrm{CF}}_4$ gas. A TACTRAS™ SCCM-T4™ (Tokyo Electron Ltd.) chamber was used for guide pattern etching. The photoresist pattern was removed by ${\mathrm{O}}_2$ plasma ashing.

PMMA-b-PMAPOSS film was prepared as follows. A propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) solution of 1 wt.% of BCP was prepared. The BCP film was formed by spin-coating on a bare Si wafer or patterned SOG substrate and then annealed in an oven at 150°C for 12 h under a vacuum of 5 Torr. For these experiments, $2{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ chips of bare Si or patterned SOG substrate were used. A SPINCOATER 1H-HD (MIKASA Co., Ltd) was used for BCP and NL coating. The NL was prepared using PMMA-r-PMAIBPOSS-r-PGMA. PGMA units were added to the NL for crosslinking that improves the chemical compatibility of the NL for the subsequent BCP casting step. A PGMEA solution of 1 wt.% of the random copolymer was prepared. The prepared solution was spin-coated onto an Si wafer. The obtained thickness was 13 nm. After baking at 150°C for 12 h under a vacuum of 5 Torr, the film was rinsed with PGMEA to remove uncrosslinked polymer chains. The remained film thickness was $\sim 3$ to 5 nm. The etching of BCP film was carried out using ${\mathrm{CF}}_4$ gas and ${\mathrm{O}}_2$ gas. An inductive coupled plasma (ICP) etcher, Multiplex ICP (Surface Technology Systems) was utilized as an etching instrument. The platen/coil power was tuned to be $50\mathrm{W}/50\mathrm{W}$. For ${\mathrm{CF}}_4$ gas etching and ${\mathrm{O}}_2$ gas etching, chamber process pressure was controlled to be 5 and 0.6 mTorr, respectively.

2.3.

Measurements

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were observed using SU9000 (Hitachi High-Technologies Corp.). To observe the film surface image, an atomic force microscope (AFM, Veeco Metrology Group) was utilized. The water contact angle was measured by a self-made instrument. The contact angle of PMMA was measured as follows.²⁰ Thin PMMA film of 18-nm thickness was coated on an NL. Then the film was heated at 170°C for 15 h under a vacuum of 5 Torr. The contact angle of the PMMA dot was measured by AFM.

3.1.

Performance of Si-Containing BCP Materials

PS-PMMA has been investigated for application of fine line-and-space pattern formation. PS-PMMA has several advantages as the DSA material; the etching selectivity of PS and PMMA is high for an organic BCP material, and the relatively low segregation energy enables perpendicular orientation of lamellar structure in a normal ambience without any special atmosphere or top coat.^9,15 However, to obtain a sub-10 nm feature pattern by DSA, new materials with a high $\chi$ parameter are required.

Figure 1 shows the chemical structure of the BCPs utilized in this work. In Table 1, the composition of BCPs and their d-spacing is listed. As shown in the d-spacing figures, this BCP structure has the potential to form a sub-10 nm line pattern template. In the device fabrication process, the fine pattern of DSA should be transferred to the Si substrate. For the transfer process of such a fine pattern to a substrate, the performance of dry etching selectivity is important. Figure 2 shows ${\mathrm{O}}_2$ gas etching selectivity of PMMA and PMAIBPOSS compared with that of PS and PMMA. The durability of PMAIBPOSS to ${\mathrm{O}}_2$ etching is high and the etch selectivity to PMMA is about 60, whereas PS-PMMA stays around 2 to 3.¹⁵

Fig. 1

Chemical structure of block copolymer (BCP).

Fig. 2

${\mathrm{O}}_2$ gas etch selectivity of BCPs.

Figure 3 shows the graphoepitaxy process of cylindrical PMMA-b-PMAEtPOSS material. The guide pattern was prepared by SOG material on an Si substrate using an ArF lithography process. The height of SOG guide wall was designed to be 10 nm. To avoid multiple-layer formation of BCP in the trench, the depth of the trench was designed to be same as the d-spacing of cylinder BCP. The thickness of the BCP film was determined by pretest coating on Si substrate. The thickness of the BCP film on an Si substrate was 9.2 nm. The SEM images of annealed BCP in the guide pattern were shown in Fig. 4. As shown in Fig. 4(b), a half-pitch of 7 nm lines was obtained. However, several types of defects were observed in one test chip. Figure 5 shows the SEM images of the typical defect type observed in one test chip. Both a nonfill defect and overflow defect exist on one test chip. The observed chip was prepared by applying the same process shown in Fig. 3. This indicates that, in applying a cylindrical structure for line-and-space pattern formation, coating-process control is essential to remove such defects. One of the advantages of applying the perpendicular lamellar structure is that less care is needed to be exercised for measures to deal with such defects.

Fig. 3

Guide preparation and applying BCP process image.

Fig. 4

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of graphoepitaxy guide pattern and PMMA54-b-PMAEtPOSS10 in trench guide. (a) Top-down SEM images of guide pattern and BCP in trench and (b) magnified SEM image and schematic image of cross section.

Fig. 5

SEM images of defects observed in one test chip. (a) BCP overflow, (b) nonfilled, and (c) line-edge roughness.

3.2.

Neutral Layer Material Preparation for Perpendicular Orientation of Lamellar Structure

To obtain a perpendicular orientation of the lamellar BCP pattern, the surface energy of the substrate should be controlled to have an equal affinity for both polymers. In the case of PS-b-PMMA, random copolymers of PS and PMMA were applied.^20,21 When the composition ratio of PS and PMMA of the random copolymer matched the BCP composition, perpendicular orientation was obtained. To form a perpendicularly oriented PMMA-b-PMAIBPOSS’s lamellar structure, random copolymers of PMMA and PMAIBPOSS were prepared as NL materials. The chemical structure of the NL material is shown in Fig. 6. The RAFT polymerization method was used for the polymerization. A cross-linkable component, glycidylmethacrylate, was added to the copolymer composition to avoid the intermixing when the BCP was coated on the random copolymer layer.

Fig. 6

Scheme of PMMA-r-PMAIBPOSS-r-PGMA preparation.

Three neutral materials, whose PMAIBPOSS volume content was varied from 52% to 61%, were synthesized. The neutral substance surface was prepared as follows. Random copolymer film was formed on a substrate by spin coating. The film was baked to crosslink glycidyl groups. To eliminate uncrosslinked polymer, the film was rinsed with PGMEA. The surface energy performance of the random copolymers was examined by the measurement of water and PMMA contact angles.¹⁷ The obtained contact angles of the random copolymer films are shown in Fig. 7. A significant difference is not observed in water contact angles, which is considered attributable to high water repellency resulting from POSS. On the other hand, contact angles of the PMMA dot show significant change according to the PMAIBPOSS content. The contact angle of the PMMA dot increases with an increase of the PMAIBPOSS content, except in the case of 61% content. The photographs of PMMA dots on NLs are shown in Fig. 7. As shown in the photographs, the shape of the PMMA dot structure on 61% PMAIBPOSS content film is different to that on the films with less PMAIBPOSS content. The low contact angle of the PMMA dot on the high PMAIBPOSS content film was caused by the degradation of the PMMA dot shape.

Fig. 7

Water and PMMA contact angles on PMMA-r-PMAIBPOSS-r-PGMA film surface and photographs of PMMA dots on the random copolymers. (a) PMAIBPOSS content 43%, (b) 52%, (c) 57%, and (d) 61%.

3.3.

Observation of PMMA-b-PMAIBPOSS Lamellar Structure on the Neutral Layers

On the prepared random copolymer layer, BCP film was formed and annealed. Figure 8 shows the AFM images of annealed BCP film surfaces. As shown in these figures, an island structure is observed. The height of the island is 14 nm, which is consistent with $L_0$. The island area decreased with increasing the PMAIBPOSS content of PMMA-r-PMAIBPOSS-r-PGMA although the BCP coating condition was the same. That means that the film thickness of BCP was affected by the surface condition caused by the PMAIBPOSS content. Usually, such an island structure is considered indirect evidence of the horizontal orientation of the lamellar structure under a free surface (Fig. 9). To observe the orientation of the lamellar structure just above the random copolymer layer, the horizontally oriented upper layer was eliminated by dry etching with ${\mathrm{CF}}_4$ gas and ${\mathrm{O}}_2$ gas.

Fig. 8

Atomic force microscope (AFM) images of annealed BCP film surfaces and schematic image of BCP on PMMA-r-PMAIBPOSS-r-PGMA films.

Fig. 9

Expected images of phase-separation structure of BCP on NL and schematic image of dry development process. (a) AFM image and schematic image, (b) horizontal orientation, (c) partially perpendicular orientation, and (d) examined etch process.

Figure 10 shows the AFM images of the etched BCP film surface. As shown in this figure, the finger pattern is observed aside from the horizontally oriented lamellar structure in proximity to the random copolymer surface. The cross-sectional schematic image of the etched film is also illustrated in Fig. 10. In the brightly colored area (horizontally oriented lamellar area) of the AFM height image, a finger pattern, which is considered to indicate partial penetration of the perpendicular lamellar structure, is observed [Fig. 10(a)]. This experimental result indicates that the lamellar structure of the BCP on the random copolymer surface oriented perpendicularly. However, the effect did not reach the BCP film surface.

Fig. 10

Atomic force microscope images of etched BCP film surface. (a) Height image, (b) amplitude image, and (c) schematic image of cross section.

Figure 11 shows the BCP behavior dependence on the random copolymer layer whose PMAIBPOSS composition volume ratio was varied from 52% to 61%. As shown in this figure, BCP on the 52% and 57% PMAIBPOSS content copolymers shows a finger pattern. The behavior of the BCP on a bare Si wafer was shown in Fig. 12. The film thickness of the coated BCP on the Si was 19 nm. Annealing and etching were applied the same processing as the BCP film on the NL. As shown in Fig. 12, no finger pattern was observed on the etched film.

Fig. 11

BCP behavior dependence on neutral layer composition.

Fig. 12

BCP behavior on bare Si wafer. (a) Height image of annealed BCP film and (b) amplitude image of etched film.

These results proved that PMMA-r-PMAIBPOSS-r-PGMA performs as a neutral material for PMMA-b-PMAIBPOSS. The perpendicular control of the bottom layer was accomplished by the NL. However, the top surface orientation of the BCP film was still under the influence of the free surface. For application of the lithographic process, control of the top surface energy is required in order to obtain the perfect perpendicular orientation.²²