We have fabricated hollow waveguides based on a silver-clad stainless steel tube for delivery of infrared (IR) laser light
such as Er-YAG and CO2 laser light. The silver-clad layer's inner wall was polished to a mirror-smooth state. A thin
silver iodide (AgI) layer was formed by iodination of the layer's inner surface to enhance reflection of the propagating
IR light at the inner wall of the hollow waveguide. The waveguide's inner and outer diameters are 0.4 and 0.6 mm,
respectively. Since this type of metallic hollow waveguide has high mechanical strength and heat resistance, it seldom
fractures or melts. Moreover, it has such a small diameter that it can be bent flexibly. We have experimentally fabricated
a 1-m-long hollow waveguide with a 0.24 μm thick inner AgI layer, which is optimum thickness for Er-YAG laser light
transmission. The transmissions of Er-YAG laser light were 64% and 60% under a straight condition and a 90° bend
with a 7.5-cm radius condition, respectively. By optimizing the thickness of the inner AgI layer according to the
propagating light's wavelength, CO2 laser light can also be transmitted effectively though the hollow waveguide.
Silver-cladding-stainless pipe is used as the supporting tube for the infrared hollow fiber to
obtain high durability and strong mechanical strength. For the dielectric inner-coating layer, cyclic
olefin polymer (COP) and silver iodide (AgI) are used to lower the transmission loss. The COP layer
is formed by using liquid-phase coating method as it is done before. For the AgI layer, liquid-filling
technique is developed to reduce the waste liquid of iodine solution. Rigid hollow fiber with
optimized COP or AgI inner film thicknesses for CO2 laser light were fabricated and reasonable
transmission losses for an output tip was demonstrated.
We have been developing a system for monitoring the health of aircraft structures made of composite materials. In this
system, the Lamb waves that are generated by lead zirconium titanate PZT actuators travel through the composite
material structures and are received by the embedded FBG sensors. To detect any Bragg wavelength change due to the
reception of the Lamb wave, an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) is used, which converts the Bragg wavelength
change into an output power change. Since the conversion ratio is largely dependent on the initial Bragg wavelength, a
temperture control was necessary for obtaining an optimum condition. However, we have developed a system that uses a
denser AWG to eliminate the need for a temperature control. We suceeded in detecting 25 kHz to 1 MHz Lamb waves
using our new system. We have also tried calculating the Bragg wavelength change of the obtained waveform, and
confirmed that the Bragg wavelength change due to the reception of Lamb waves was less than 1 pico meter.
We have been developing a sensing system for checking the health of aircraft structures made of composite materials.
In this system, lead zirconium titanate (PZT) actuators generate elastic waves that travel through the composite material
and are received by embedded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. By analyzing the change in received waveforms, we
can detect various kinds of damage. The frequency of the elastic waves is several hundred kHz, which is too high for a
conventional optical spectrum analyzer to detect the wavelength change. Moreover, a conventional single-mode optical
fiber cannot be used for an embedded FBG sensor because it is so thick that it induces defects in the composite material
structure when it is embedded. We are thus developing a wavelength interrogator with an arrayed waveguide grating
(AWG) that can detect the high-speed wavelength change and a small-diameter optical fiber (cladding diameter of 40µm) that does not induce defects. We use an AWG to convert the wavelength change into an output power change by
using the wavelength dependency of the AWG transmittance. For this conversion, we previously used two adjacent
output ports that cover the reflection spectrum of an FBG sensor. However, this requires controlling the temperature of
the AWG because the ratio of the optical power change to the wavelength change is very sensitive to the relationship of
the center wavelengths between an FBG sensor and the output ports of the AWG. We have now investigated the use of a
denser AWG and six adjacent output ports, which covers the reflection spectrum of an FBG sensor, for detecting the
elastic waves. Experimental results showed that this method can suppress the sensitivity of the power change ratio to the
relationship of the center wavelengths between an FBG sensor and the output ports. Although our improved small-diameter
optical fiber does not induce structural defects in the composite material when it is embedded, there is some
micro or macro bending of the fiber, which causes propagation loss. To suppress this embedment loss, we adjusted the
refractive index difference of the fiber to have larger value. Experimental result showed that this reduced the embedment
loss by about 0.3 dB/cm. These enhancements make our sensing system more practical and should promote the use of
composite materials in a wider range of applications.
We have been developing a sensing system for monitoring the structural health of aircraft structures made of composite materials. The sensing system is composed of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, a wavelength interrogator and piezoelectric actuators. The FBG sensors receive 100 kHz to 1 MHz elastic waves generated by the PZT actuators. For the FBG sensors, we previously developed a polyimide-coated optical fiber with a cladding diameter of 40 μm and core-cladding relative refractive index difference Δ of 0.65 %, that can be embedded in composite materials without inducing any mechanical defects. Since the cladding of that fiber is so thin, however, under embedded conditions, the transmission loss of the fiber is larger than that of a normal single-mode optical fiber. We therefore developed a new small-diameter optical fiber with an Δ of 1.8 %, in order to suppress the loss increase caused by micro-bending or transversely applied strain under the embedded condition. On the other hand, the small-diameter optical fiber needs to be connected to a normal optical fiber whose claddingding diameter is 125 μm, because it is fragile and difficult to handle. For practical use, we developed a small-diameter optical fiber module that has a special connector on both ends of the small-diameter optical fiber. The special connector can connect the small-diameter optical fiber to a normal optical fiber that has a standard MU connector. We also developed a high-speed optical wavelength interrogator that can detect the high-frequency vibration of the FBG sensors. It uses an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) as an optical filter that converts the wavelength shift of the light reflected from the FBG into the output optical power changes. This wavelength interogator is suiatable for high-speed wavelength detection because it has no mechanical moving parts. The development of these components will help put this system to practical use and thus extend the use of composite materials to a wider range of applications.
Small-diameter optical fiber with a 40-μm cladding diameter is suitable for an embedded sensor in a composite material, because it has high sensitivity and does not induce mechanical deterioration inside the structure. The bare small-diameter fiber outside the structure, however, is too fragile and hard to handle. In practical use, the small-diameter fiber needs to be joined to a normal optical fiber with a 125-μm cladding diameter. This paper presents estimation results of the joint loss between the small-diameter optical fiber and the normal optical fiber and two practical joining techniques, a detachable connector method and a permanent fused splice method. The joint losses were less than 1 dB for the both joining methods. These joining techniques promote the usage of the small-diameter optical fiber for practical heath monitoring systems.
We have been studying optical sensing technologies that use fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) for health monitoring of aircraft structures made of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite materials. The sensing system is composed of a piezoelectric transducer (PZT) actuator, which generates an elastic wave of several hundred kHz, and FBG sensors that receive the elastic wave. When some damage occurs in the composite materials, the elastic wave that propagates through those materials changes. Therefore the damage can be detected by analyzing the elastic waveform to be received by FBG sensors. For detecting this wave, we developed a high-speed optical wavelength interrogator for FBG sensors, and FBG sensor modules that can be embedded in the composite materials. In this interrogator, we employed an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) as an optical filter that can convert the wavelength shift of the FBG sensors into optical power change. Using this interrogator and FBG sensor modules, we detected elastic waves of 300 kHz in frequency. We determined the required characteristics of FBG sensor both through simulation and experiments for improving the sensitivity of this health monitoring system.
We have demonstrated the ablation processing of dry-collagen with double pulsed femtosecond lasers through a bent hollow fiber. Using a 320 μm core-diameter hollow fiber, we have delivered an ultrashort pulse with a pulse width of 200 fs (straight condition), 320 fs (bent condition), and a near Gaussian beam profile. Furthermore, a precise biomedical material processing is obtainable with a transmitted femtosecond laser beam through a bent hollow fiber. The material processing speed is increased using femtosecond double pulses and by optimizing the delay time. The optimal delay time between the double pulses is from 1 ps to 3 ps, because the ablation rate decreased due to a plasma shielding effect beyond a 5 ps delay time. Our results will open up new medical endoscopic applications.
We study a new sensing system for health monitoring of aircraft structures made of composite materials. This sensing system is composed of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors and a piezoelectric transducer (PZT). The FBG sensors receive elastic wave generated by the PZT. For high-frequency vibration monitoring, or acoustic emission (AE) detection, we have developed high-speed optical wavelength interrogator for FBG sensors. In this FBG interrogator, we used an optical filter which converts wavelength shift of the reflected light from the FBG into the output optical power change. This system is suitable for high-speed wavelength detection because there is no mechanical moving part. We studied two types of optical filter. One is a Mach-Zender interferometer and the other is an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG). Both of them were fabricated using silica-based planar lightwave circuit (PLC) technology. The optical filters based on the PLC technology have the advantage in integration of optical components. By combining the FBG interrogator using the AWG optical filter with the PZT actuator, we succeeded to detect elastic wave propagating in the CFRP laminated plate. As a result, we found that this FBG/PZT hybrid sensing system is very promising for detection of internal defects in composite materials.
We have been studying optical sensing technology using embedded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. The FBG is inscribed in a small-diameter optical fiber with the cladding diameter of 40 μm. This technology is very promising for health monitoring in aviation components, because the diameter of the sensor optical fiber is so small that embedding of the sensor does not deteriorate mechanical properties of the composite materials. For practical use, we have also studied high
reliable fused-splicing method between the small-diameter optical fiber and an ordinary optical fiber in order to improve handling. The embedded FBG sensors are useful for vibration or impact detection as well as static strain detection. For the purpose of detecting dynamic phenomena, we have developed a high speed wavelength detection unit for the FBG sensors which uses wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) coupler based on planar lightwave circuit (PLC) technique. WDM
coupler converts wavelength of the light reflected from the FBG sensor into output powers. Since there is no mechanical moving part, this type of wavelength detection technique is suitable for high speed detection.
We have developed the all optical high-precision water level sensors based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technique, which are applied for actual fields such as rivers, lakes, sewage systems and so on. The sensor head consists of a diaphragm, a customized Bourdon tube and two FBGs, one for tensile measurement and other for temperature compensation. The FBG attached to the Bourdon tube is strained as the water level increases, and causes center wavelength shift of the reflected light fromt he FBG, which is detected by the wavelength interrogation equipment composed of a tunable Fabry-Perot filer. We have achieved the sensor accuracy of +/- 0.1% F.S., i.e. +/- 1 cm in case of full measurement range of 10 m. Several sensor heads can be connected in series through one optical fiber and each water level at different places can be measured simultaneously by one wavelength interrogation equipment.
We have been studying optical sensing technologies using fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) for health-monitoring systems in the fields of constructions, civil engineering, aerospace and so on. In these fields, various kinds of sensing techniques such as strain, temperature, vibration and crack detection are required. To meet these needs, we have fabricated the FBGs by precisely controlling photo-induced refractive index modulation or the grating period along a fiber. Also, as embedded sensors, we developed small-diameter FBGs which are embedded in fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) composite materials without inducing any mechanical deterioration. In this paper, we present the progress of our small-diameter FBGs and propose a new wavelength detection technique for FBG sensors using a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) coupler. The reflected light is divided at the ratio depending wavelength through the WDM coupler. Especially, we adopted a PLC-type WDM coupler which has the advantage in low polarization sensitivity and integration compared with a fused-optical fiber-type WDM coupler. This technique is useful in high-speed detection for vibration or impact damage. Another application is a multipoint measurement system by using together with optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) method. In this system, pulses of light incident into an optical fiber return from the FBGs to a detector with different arrival time. As a result, we can use FBGs with the same Bragg wavelength, because measuring delay time of the pulses enables to distinguish each FBG location. In addition, using together with wavelength division multiplexing within wavelength region for optical communications can increase the number of FBG sensors. The results of the basic performance in this system showed that it is very promising for the multipoint measuring system. These wavelength detection techniques will expand sensing applications using small-diameter FBGs.
We have studied health-monitoring systems using embedded optical fiber sensors for damage detection in FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) composite laminates. For sensing of strain or temperature changes in these composite materials, we developed the FBG (Fiber Bragg Grating) sensors using the polyimide-coated small-diameter optical fiber with cladding diameter of 40 micrometers , which can be embedded in FRP composite laminates without inducing any structural defects. The FBG was subjected to high-temperature heat treatment at 300 degree(s)C in order to suppress the optical characteristics change of the FBG over a long period of time. Even after such high temperature treatment, the FBG retained sufficient mechanical strength and reflectivity. We embedded the FBG into FRP composite laminates and measured the optical characteristics against temperature and tensile strain. These experimental results show this type of the embedded FBG is very promising for practical health-monitoring systems. In addition, we have investigated various multipoint measuring systems and propose the time division multiplexing system using these FBG sensors.
Optical fiber sensor systems have been recently used for ,health monitoring of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composite laminate structures. However, the diameter of optical fibers for optical communication is normally 125 μm, which is similar to the thickness of one ply in FRP composite laminates. In order to embed optical fibers within one ply of FRP without introducing any defects in laminates, small- diameter optical fibers are necessary. The present paper describes development of small-diameter optical fiber sensors for damage detection in composite laminates. The coating diameter of the prototype small-diameter optical fiber is 52 μm, while the diameters of the cladding and the core are 40 μm and 8.5 μm, respectively. FBG (Fiber Bragg Grating) sensors were also fabricated with these fibers. Gratings were inscribed into the optical fiber by ultra-violet irradiation method. The wavelength shift and the response by strain of FBG itself were measured. The strain response, when small-diameter optical fiber and FBG sensors were embedded in composite laminates, were evaluated for practical application to detect the damage evolution.
Polyimide-coated silver hollow glass waveguides with small losses have been fabricated for transmission of Er:YAG laser light. The total loss is around 0.7 dB for the straight waveguide with an inner diameter of 700 micrometers and the length of 2.3 m including a coupling loss from a laser. Even when the waveguide is bent to 180 degrees with a bending radius of 18 cm, the total loss is around 1 dB for the input energy of 500 mJ.
This paper reviews the current status of research and development of hollow-core
waveguides at 10.6 pm wavelength so far reported. Some remarkable features of waveguides
are summarized in a table with references.
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