In 2020, the fifth-generation fixed network research group ETSI ISG F5G published technical specifications to define fixed network generations F1G-F5G, similar to mobile network generations. The working materials of this group identified the basic principles for the implementation of fixed-line networks that should appear in the near future. Recently, a number of additions and extensions to F5G concept have been proposed, which have received the collective name F5G Advanced. The article presents an analysis of the main directions of development of F5G Advanced networks based on new optical technologies in the future by 2030.
The basis of the Fifth Generation Fixed Networks (F5G) is planned to be a new concept of using fiber – the concept of Fiber-To-The-Everywhere-and-Everything (FTTE). Its practical implementation largely depends on the degree of use of the fiber in various applications. To assess this degree, ETSI has proposed using the Fiber Development Index (FDI). In 2002, the methodology for calculating FDI changed somewhat. The index now includes the following metrics: fiber to the premise’s coverage, fiber to the household penetration, fiber to the business penetration, mobile cell site fiber penetration, advanced WDM technology investment. Index also quantifies the overall broadband quality of experience improvements driven by that investment, namely: median download speed, median upload speed, median latency and median jitter. The article provides a methodology for calculating the FDI and analyzes it’s for Russia.
Traditional LANs use L2 switches, L3 routers, and xEthernet-based connections using UTP 5 copper cable. At the same time, it becomes increasingly difficult to meet the emerging requirements for increasing network bandwidth to meet the traffic requirements of new high-speed applications, reduce costs for the installation and maintenance of cable infrastructure, to reduce the power consumption of the equipment and the space occupied. To solve these problems, it is proposed to use passive optical local networks POL (Passive Optical LAN) based on PON technology. POL will not only bring great benefits to customers and does not require changes in service scheduling and network connections of user terminals, but also supports all the functions provided in a traditional LAN. POL is one of the practical approaches to implement the FTTE (Fibre to the Everywhere and Everything) concept proposed by ETSI. The article presents a draft POL design for a hotel. A feature of the POL architecture is a single fiber optic infrastructure for all services required on hotel. One fiber optic gateway is used, and ONUs with built-in router and Wi-Fi access point are located in each guestroom, providing all services (LAN, Internet access, Wi-Fi, IP-telephony, video surveillance and IPTV). In addition, special ONUs are located throughout the common areas with additional services such as emergency hotlines and IP cameras for video surveillance.
This paper describes the OLT virtualization technology in 5G networks. New services, the rapid development of Internet of Things technology and next generation mobile 5G networks are leading to a huge increase of Internet traffic, which requires higher optical network bandwidth and reliability. This means that future optical transport network and access solutions must provide flexible bandwidth for dynamic services through intelligent management. At the same time, optical networks still face difficulties in service deployment and expansion. The main issue is to ensure guaranteed performance, including routing protocols, convergence and route calculation time, path discovery time, reliability and resource utilization. Current solutions for operating and maintaining optical networks is not aligned with growing customer demands. For these reasons, optical virtualization is a promising technology to meet a given set of network requirements while providing the necessary isolation between network segments. The prospective solution in the field of virtualization on 5G networks is the technology of vOLT. The application of vOLT in 5G networks offers several advantages. This paper presents the concept of OLT virtualization in 5G networks and its application in optical networks and transport and access solutions. The paper describes the implementation of vOLT technology, its advantages and existing problems.
In line with ETSI's vision, the Fifth Generation Fixed Network F5G can be characterized as enhanced fixed broadband eFBB, full-fiber connection FFC and guaranteed reliable experience GRE. To determine the ways to implement the FFC concept, it is necessary to know the current state and possible options for the development of the national fiber-optic infrastructure. The Fiber Development Index (FDI) is critical to measure the evolution of countries towards Fiber to the Everywhere and Everything (FTTE) in F5G network. The FDI aims to combine selected indicators into a single benchmark. The FDI provides a comprehensive way to measure the evolution of fiber optic links in access, backhaul and core networks, guiding the evolution towards FTTE and F5G networks. The FDI can be used to identify priority investment areas and the national fiber deployment strategy in each network cluster. The article provides an analysis of ETSI research materials on the implementation of the FTTE concept during the transition to F5G networks and an assessment of the FDI value of the current state of the national fiber-optic infrastructure.
This paper describes virtualization in optical networks. The rapid growth of Internet traffic, new services and the rapid development of technologies such as the Internet of Things and next generation 5G mobile networks require greater demands on the bandwidth of optical networks. Variety of network services requires network transport with more flexible bandwidth access capabilities. This means that future transport networks must provide flexible bandwidth for dynamic services through intelligent management. In the same time, optical networks still face certain challenges in introducing and expanding services. The main difficulty is to provide guaranteed performance, including access to routing, convergence and route computation times, path detection time, reliability and resource utilization rate. Current level of operation and maintenance of optical networks does not meet the requirements of customers. For these reasons, optical virtualization is a necessary technology to meet the specified set of network requirements, while providing the necessary isolation between its segments. This document first introduces the concept of optical network virtualization and its application for optical network elements and transport technologies. Then the paper describes the various technologies of virtualization in optical networks and the existing problems.
This paper describes Optical Virtual Private Network (OVPN). The features and benefits of optical VPN are considered. Consider the OVPN model with a limited network resource on each section of the optical network. The optical network is described using the undirected graph with the set of nodes (correspond to the core optical nodes) and the set of edges (correspond to the link of the optical network connecting adjacent core nodes. Accepting the request for the implementation of OVPN, the service provider must, using the appropriate analysis algorithm, check whether the implementation of the corresponding virtual network is possible. To do this, the algorithm, firstly, selects a path between each pair of OVPN endpoints and, secondly, distributes the available bandwidth on each link in the selected path. If there is not enough bandwidth on the link, the received request for OVPN implementation will be rejected. Various algorithms for implementing the OVPN model: provider channels, individual flows and all flows OVPN are considered. This article discusses a possible approach to solving the problem of the distribution of optical network resources across several OVPN.
In this paper proposed a model for optical networks based on Network Calculus. All optical devices, such as drivers, modulators, multiplexers, waveguides, switches, detectors, amplifiers, etc. can be modeled as Latency-Rate service curves, and the system-level service curve can be derived from the concatenation theorem. By applying the basic theorems of Network Calculus, we can get received the end-to-end latency, which can be used as a guideline for design and optimization of optical networks.
One of the main goals of creating Future Networks is to reduce the energy for their operation through the use of various energy-saving technologies. The most important components of existing and future networks are Passive Optical Networks (PON), which are widely used for building broadband access networks. The methodology for measuring the power consumption of passive optical network equipment with time division multiplexing TDM-PON is discussed in the article. It is based on the materials of ITU-T Recommendations Y.3021 and Y.3022. Estimations of possible energy savings in the GPON network based on OLT and ONU equipment of the Russian company Eltex are obtained with the use of the doze mode and cyclic sleep mode.
Connection setup with guaranteed quality of service (QoS) in the optical virtual private network (OVPN) is a major goal for the network providers. In order to support this we propose a QoS based OVPN connection set up mechanism over WDM network to the end customer. The proposed WDM network model can be specified in terms of QoS parameter such as blocking probability. We estimated this QoS parameter based on the hose-model OVPN. In this mechanism the OVPN connections also can be created or deleted according to the availability of the wavelengths in the optical path. In this paper we have considered the impact of the number of wavelengths on the computation of blocking probability. The goal of the work is to dynamically provide a best OVPN connection during frequent arrival of connection requests with QoS requirements.
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