In adoptive cell therapy (ACT) of solid tumors, only a small fraction of T cells typically accumulates at the target. Therefore, methods to noninvasively assess adoptive T cell infiltration are critical for ACT success. Here we present an approach based on photoacoustic (PA) and ultrasound (US) imaging to visualize nanoparticle (NP)-tagged adoptive T cells within tumor region. Our results indicate feasibility of the T cell tagging with NPs and US/PA imaging of adoptive T cells with clinically relevant spatial resolution and imaging depth thus providing critical imaging feedback to expedite development, translation, and expansion of ACT.
Chorioretinal imaging has a crucial role for the patients with chorioretinal vascular diseases, such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Imaging oxygen gradients in the eye could better diagnose and treat ocular diseases. Here, we describe the use of photoacoustic ocular imaging (PAOI) in measuring chorioretinal oxygen saturation (CR − sO2) gradients in New Zealand white rabbits (n = 5) with ocular ischemia. We observed good correlation (R2 = 0.98) between pulse oximetry and PAOI as a function of different oxygen percentages in inhaled air. We then used an established ocular ischemia model in which intraocular pressure is elevated to constrict ocular blood flow, and notice a positive correlation (R2 = 0.92) between the injected volume of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and intraocular pressure (IOP) as well as a negative correlation (R2 = 0.98) between CR − sO2 and injected volume of PBS. The CR − sO2 was measured before (baseline), during (ischemia), and after the infusion (600-μL PBS). The ischemia-reperfusion model did not affect the measurement of the sO2 using a pulse oximeter on the animal’s paw, but the chorioretinal PAOI signal showed a nearly sixfold decrease in CR − sO2 (n = 5, p = 0.00001). We also observe a sixfold decrease in CR − sO2 after significant elevation of IOP during ischemia, with an increase close to baseline during reperfusion. These data suggest that PAOI can detect changes in chorioretinal oxygenation and may be useful for application to imaging oxygen gradients in ocular disease.
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