The Smart Gear System comprises two integral components: the Smart Gear, featuring a sensor and an antenna circuit intricately embedded onto the gear, and a monitoring antenna seamlessly linked to a network analyzer. The proximity of the smart gear antenna to the monitoring antenna induces magnetic coupling between the two antennae, consequently altering the frequency characteristics of the monitoring antenna. Additionally, minute deformations in the gear tooth root result in modifications to the sensor's shape on the gear, thereby causing alterations in the frequency characteristics of the sensor. The overall health status of the gear can be discerned on the monitoring antenna side by monitoring the frequency characteristic variations of the sensor, based on the fundamental principle of magnetic coupling during operational processes. In the context of this investigation, a dynamic evaluation of the Smart Gear System is executed, with the return loss of the monitoring antenna meticulously gauged at periodic intervals throughout the operational phase. This study delves into the correlation between the return loss exhibited by the monitoring antenna and the dynamic physical alterations in the Smart Gear during operation.
In our project, a novel gear health monitoring system called a “smart gear sensor system” has been being developed. This system has a smart gear sensor and a monitoring antenna. The smart gear sensor has been created by using a laser sintering technique that allows a conductive ink to be sintered directly on the gear surface to form a sensor chain. This technique is also used to form an antenna pattern of the monitoring antenna. Experimentally, when the smart gear with the integrated sensor chain is brought parallelly close to the monitoring antenna while this antenna is connected to a network analyzer, a magnetic coupling happens. This wireless magnetic coupling is presented via the return loss signal gained by the network analyzer. Moreover, the conductivity of the sensor chain on the smart gear has been proven to affect the magnetically coupled return loss signal. Specifically, the shape of the return loss signal will be changed correspondingly. Since the sensor chain is sintered directly on the surface of the gear, the physical characteristics of the gear such as healthy or cracked will result in the quality of the sensor conductivity. Therefore, the smart gear's healthy or cracked characteristics can be observed via the return loss signal chart obtained by the network analyzer. In other words, the return loss signal can be considered essential data for the gear health monitoring process. Nevertheless, because the temperature will have a certain influence on the physical state of not only the gear but also the sintered sensor, the evaluation of the temperature to the magnetic coupling and its return loss signal becomes unavoidable. As a result, this study focuses majorly on the consideration of the influence of the temperature so that the accuracy of the proposed gear health monitoring method can be improved. The final experimental result and analysis demonstrate that the temperature also significantly impacts the return loss of the smart gear system.
This research evaluates the influence of phase fluctuation of a high-speed smart gear on the return loss of monitoring antenna in our developing “smart gear sensor system”. This smart health monitoring system of gear comprising of an antenna connected to a network analyer and another similar antenna integrating crack detection sensors directly printed on a gear. The principle of this system is based on magnetic coupling phenomenon between samples of antenna and crack detection sensors with antenna printed on polyacetal (POM) plates so that the characteristics of the gear side elements can be obtained wirelessly. In this paper, the effect of the relative phase fluctuation when the smart gear is operating at high speed on this coupling signal perhaps is considered. Practically, a special experimental rig consists of a motor with a speed control button, an antenna on a polyacetal (POM) plate with a radio frequency connector, and a smart gear with integrated sensors antenna was created. Thanks to this test rig, the smart gear is able to rotate with variant rotational velocities in range of 500 rpm to 5000 rpm while keeping pairing concentrically with the fixed monitoring antenna at a constant distance. Then, return losses received from this antenna via the network analyzer then are recorded at each specific speed. In comparison with the return losses gained in case of similar experimental setting but in stationary state, the shape form of the high-speed phase fluctuation return loss is indicated.
Recently, data-driven machine health monitoring has become more popular due to the wide-spread deployment of lowcost sensors and deep learning algorithms’ achievements. The detection of failures of machines can be determined based on failure classification results using deep learning architectures. On this tendency, we constructed a plastic gear failure detection structure using a convolutional neural network. In this study, raw vibration data was converted to frequencydomain data. Amplitudes of frequencies in the monitored frequency band were transferred into images, which then were labeled as crack or non-crack by a high-speed camera. Although deep learning architectures have great potential to automatically learn from complex features of input data, the high-amplitude frequencies reflecting the main vibration causes such as gear meshing frequency and its harmonics or shaft frequency affect the accuracy of learning. Besides, the low-amplitude frequencies in a low-frequency band, which are sensitive to gear failures, show efficiency in early failure signs of the plastic gear. Thus, this paper proposed an image visualization and labeling method by focusing on lowamplitude frequency features in the low-frequency band and lessening high-amplitude frequency features. The results show that the proposed system learning from new visualized images can detect plastic gear’s early failure situation before the initial crack happened.
Nowadays, deep learning (DL) has become a rapidly growing and provides useful tools for processing and analyzing big machinery data. Many research projects achieved success in failure classification from machinery data using convolutional neural networks (CNNs), one of the most extensive study aspects of DL. On this trend, we constructed a crack detection system of POM (Polyoxymethylene) gears using a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN). In our work, vibration data collected from plastic gears was visualized and labelled as crack data or non-crack images. A DCNN based on pre-trained VGG16, which firstly pre-learned from ImageNet’s data and then re-learned from the labelled images, is utilized to classify crack or non-crack situations of plastic gears. In this case of study, the image quality distortions of the dataset such as blur, noise or contrast are stable and do not affect the performance of the DCNN. However, the image size, which keep a vital role to reach high performance of the detection system, has been unknown. Hence, this paper reveals an optimized size of images created from vibration data for high-accuracy of learning.
This study shows an active vibration control using a phase and an amplitude of a mean field of oscillators. Recently, we have proposed an active mass damper (AMD) system using a neural oscillator, which can flexibly synchronize with a target structure’s vibration response. In the proposed system, a neural system including a single oscillator and a position controller form the controller: the neural system generates a target path of an auxiliary mass of the AMD and then, the auxiliary mass is position controlled to the target path to absorb the vibration energy of the structure. However, the oscillator could unfortunately include a non-linear response when the frequency of the periodical input is dramatically different from the oscillator’s eigen frequency. To suppress the undesirable single component of the control signal, this study will use the phase and the amplitude information of an arithmetic mean of the oscillators for the target path of the auxiliary mass of the AMD. Cleaning the control signal could improve an input-output stability of the proposed system and enable to vibration control a specific vibration mode of a multi-degree-of-freedom system such as high-rise buildings.
This paper shows crack detection systems based on deep neural networks, which analyze meshing vibration of plastic gears. A gear operating test rig has an acceleration sensor attached on a bearing housing and a high-speed camera. The meshing vibration of plastic gears during operation was measured and teeth images that enable us to decide whether cracks exists were captured. After transferring the meshing vibration data in the time domain to the frequency domain by FFT, the amplitude and phase information of the meshing vibration was converted to image data. According to the images from the high-speed camera, the imaged vibration data were separated to two classes, with or without crack, as the training data for deep neural networks. Furthermore, two convolutional neural networks, 4 layers and 16 layers were constructed for classification of crack existence or non-existence, and the systems were learned from the labeled data set. In the training, the random weighting functions of the convolution were prepared, and the number of images were 350 and the number of epoch was 125. The learning of the 4 layers convolutional neural network was finished appropriately, however, the learning of the 16 layers convolutional neural network did not progress at all. Then, the transfer learning method was used for the 16 layers convolutional neural network. The transfer learning of the 16 layers convolutional neural network was finished appropriately, and the accuracy at 125 learning steps reached to 97.2%.
Health monitoring of rotating machine elements, such as gears, is challenging because of rotation at high speed in gearboxes, geometric complexity, or space limitation for measurements. The long-term objective of the present research is to develop smart sensor systems for detecting gear failure signs. As the very first step, we proposed a new method to manufacture electrical circuits, such as sensors or antennas, on gears. We had begun to develop a 4-axis laser printing system and showed the laser sintering conditions of the conductive ink splayed on steel plates insulated by polyimide layers. In this paper, a crack detection sensor was designed and printed. The printed sensor can monitor the condition of a plastic gear whose module and number of teeth are 1.0 mm and 48. In addition, an antenna designed for the same size gear was printed on a plastic plate, and the frequency property of the antenna was investigated. As a result, the printed antenna had the 1st natural frequency at 0.3GHz. Finally, monitoring experiments was carried out to check the condition of a smart system consisting of the sensor and antenna from the other antenna having the same dimension. As a result of the experiment, the monitoring of the return loss of the external antenna shows the sensor is healthy or not. The sensor and antenna system will allow for the development of better equipment and detection techniques for health monitoring of gears.
Failures detection of rotating machine elements, such as gears, is an important issue. The purpose of this study was to try to solve this issue by printing conductive ink on gears to manufacture condition-monitoring sensors. In this work, three types of crack detection sensor were designed and the sprayed conductive ink was directly sintered on polyimide (PI) - coated polyamide (PA) 66 gears by laser. The result showed that it was possible to produce narrow circuit lines of the conductive ink including Ag by laser sintering technique and the complex shape sensors on the lateral side of the PA66 gears, module 1.0 mm and tooth number 48. A preliminary operation test was carried out for investigation of the function of the sensors. As a result of the test, the sensors printed in this work should be effective for detecting cracks at tooth root of the gears and will allow for the development of better equipment and detection techniques for health monitoring of gears.
This paper shows input-output analysis of a neural oscillator swarm stimulated by earthquake-induced acceleration responses of a structure. We have proposed a new active mass damper system consisting of a neural oscillator and a position controller. However, the proposed system has not adapted successfully to parameter changes of the structure. Recent studies in biology have demonstrated that multiple oscillators have hierarchical network structures to ensure adaptation to environmental changes. To improve the robust performance of the proposed system by constructing of hierarchical network of neural oscillators, there is a need for a better understanding of nature of different neural oscillators. This research addressed this need by visualizing output of swarm of neural oscillators, whose natural frequencies and input gains are different. The numerical information of output is visualized by grayscale, and the relation of output of different neural oscillators is considered when input is the same. As a result, the research provides new information that predicts the instant center frequency of a structure excited by earthquakes.
Reducing vibration of high-rise structures under earthquake load has been the subject of considerable efforts in Japan. Relevant researches about vibration energy dissipation devices for buildings have been undertaken. An active mass damper is one of the well-known vibration control devices. Despite the accumulation of much knowledge of control design methods for the system, application of the devices to high-rise structures under earthquake load is challenging, because the active mass dampers have one serious disadvantage about stroke limitation of the auxiliary mass. In this study, we have proposed a new control system, which had a neural oscillator and position controller, to solve this problem. The main role of this neural oscillator included in newly proposed system is picking up the phase information of the eigen-frequency component of a target structure, then the auxiliary mass of an active mass damper is excited by reference to the oscillator’s signal. We can easily regulate the stroke of the active mass damper no matter how large the target structure swings, because the control signal for the auxiliary mass of the phase and amplitude information of the active mass damper are separately processed. However, there is no general determination method for the desired stroke of the auxiliary mass from the oscillator’s signal. The previous method determined the desired stroke of the auxiliary mass using two state quantities of the oscillator, which depends on types of oscillators and has non-linearity and instability. Thus, this study proposes a generation method for the desired stroke of the auxiliary mass by using synchronous detection. From the results of numerical simulation, the presenting method can apply to any types of oscillators and generate the linear and stable signal by reference to an oscillators’ signal, and was effective for improving the control performance.
Reducing vibration of high-rise structures under earthquake load has been the subject of considerable efforts in Japan. Relevant researches about vibration energy dissipation devices for buildings have been undertaken. An active mass damper is one of the well-known vibration control devices. Despite the accumulation of much knowledge of control design methods for the system, application of the devices to high-rise structures under earthquake load is challenging, because the active mass dampers have one serious disadvantage about stroke limitation of the auxiliary mass. In this study, we have proposed a new control system, which had a neural oscillator and position controller, to solve this problem. The objective of this paper is to improve the vibration control performance of the proposed active mass damper system. The previous method generated rectangular waves as the desired displacement, whose amplitude is varied in accordance with the vibration responses of a structure excited by earthquakes. Furthermore, the gains of the position controller, which derives the auxiliary mass to the desired displacement, have been designed in consideration of response reduction of the structure. However, the generated rectangular desired displacement was not adequate to reduce the maximum acceleration responses of the structure, because the driving force for the auxiliary mass generates excessive amounts of acceleration as the direction of the desired displacement is switched. Thus, this paper proposes a new method, which generates sinusoidal varying desired displacement for the auxiliary mass of the active mass damper system to reduce the acceleration response of structures. The results of numerical simulation showed that the proposed method in this work was effective for improving the control performance.
Health monitoring methods for machines have been the subject of considerable efforts to maintain it at an appropriate timing. Failures of rotating machine elements can cause severe accidents, thus, to detect such failures is an important issue. However, health monitoring of rotating machine elements, such as gears, is challenging because of rotation at high speed in gearboxes, geometric complexity, space limitation for measurements, or another operation conditions. The long-term objective of the present research is to develop smart sensor systems for detecting gear failure signs. As the very first step, this paper proposes a new method to manufacture electrical circuits, such as sensors or antennas, on gears. We print these circuits directly on the gear surface using a laser sintering technique of conductive ink. For this purpose, we have begun to develop a 4-axis laser printing system. This paper shows the laser sintering conditions of the conductive ink splayed on steel plates insulated by polyimide layers. The conductivity of the printed lines was evaluated through observation with a miniature scanning electron microscope. Finally, according to the obtained laser sintering conditions, a meander line antenna was printed as a part of smart sensor systems.
The long-term objective of our research is to develop sensor systems for detection of gear failure signs. As a very first step, this paper proposes a new method to create sensors directly printed on gears by a printer and conductive ink, and shows the printing system configuration and the procedure of sensor development. The developing printer system is a laser sintering system consisting of a laser and CNC machinery. The laser is able to synthesize micro conductive patterns, and introduced to the CNC machinery as a tool. In order to synthesize sensors on gears, we first design the micro-circuit pattern on a gear through the use of 3D-CAD, and create a program (G-code) for the CNC machinery by CAM. This paper shows initial experiments with the laser sintering process in order to obtain the optimal parameters for the laser setting. This new method proposed here may provide a new manufacturing process for mechanical parts, which have an additional functionality to detect failure, and possible improvements include creating more economical and sustainable systems.
KEYWORDS: Oscillators, Buildings, Control systems, Earthquakes, Numerical simulations, Vibration isolation, Solids, Electroluminescence, Control systems design, Mathematical modeling, Systems modeling, Vibration control
This paper proposes a problem-solving method for the stroke limitation problem, which is related to auxiliary masses of active mass damper systems for high-rise buildings. The proposed method is used in a new simple control system for the active mass dampers mimicking the motion of bipedal mammals, which has a neural oscillator synchronizing with the acceleration response of structures and a position controller. In the system, the travel distance and direction of the auxiliary mass of the active mass damper is determined by reference to the output of the neural oscillator, and then, the auxiliary mass is transferred to the decided location by using a PID controller. The one of the purpose of the previouslyproposed system is stroke restriction problem avoidance of the auxiliary mass during large earthquakes by the determination of the desired value within the stroke limitation of the auxiliary mass. However, only applying the limited desired value could not rigorously restrict the auxiliary mass within the limitation, because the excessive inertia force except for the control force produced by the position controller affected on the motion of the auxiliary mass. In order to eliminate the effect on the auxiliary mass by the structural absolute acceleration, a cancellation method is introduced by adding a term to the control force of the position controller. We first develop the previously-proposed system for the active mass damper and the additional term for cancellation, and verity through numerical experiments that the new system is able to operate the auxiliary mass within the restriction during large earthquakes. Based on the comparison of the proposed system with the LQ system, a conclusion was drawn regarding which the proposed neuronal system with the additional term appears to be able to limit the stroke of the auxiliary mass of the AMD.
KEYWORDS: Oscillators, Control systems, Control systems design, Energy efficiency, Numerical simulations, Earthquakes, Solids, Buildings, Mathematical modeling, Systems modeling
In this paper, a design method for a PD controller, which is a part of a new active mass damper system using a neural oscillator for high-rise buildings, is proposed. The new system mimicking the motion of bipedal mammals is a quite simple system, which has the neural oscillator synchronizing with the acceleration response of the structure. The travel distance and direction of the auxiliary mass of the active mass damper is decided by the output of the neural oscillator, and then, the auxiliary mass is transferred to the decided location by using the PD controller. Therefore, the performance of the PD controller must be evaluated by the vibration energy absorbing efficiency by the system. In order to bring the actual path driven by the PD controller in closer alignment with the ideal path, which is assumed to be a sinusoidal wave under resonance, firstly, the path of the auxiliary mass driven by the PD controller is analytically derived, and the inner product between the vector of ideal and analytical path is evaluated. And then, the PD gain is decided by the maximum value of the inner product. Finally, numerical simulations confirm the validity of the proposed design method of the PD controller.
This paper proposes a new active dynamic absorber control system for high-rise buildings using a neural oscillator and a
map, which estimates the amplitude level of the oscillator, and shows some experimental results by using an apparatus,
which realizes the proposed control algorithm. The proposed system decides the travel distance and direction of the
auxiliary mass of the dynamic absorber using the output of oscillator, which is the filtering result of structure
acceleration responses by the property of the oscillator, and Amplitude-Phase map (AP-map) for estimation of the
structural response in specific frequency between synchronization region, and then, transfer the auxiliary mass to the
predetermined location by using a position controller. In addition, the developed active dynamic absorber system is
mounted on the top of the experimental single degree of freedom structure, which represents high-rise buildings, and
consists of the auxiliary mass, a DC motor, a ball screw, a microcomputer, a laser displacement sensor, and an
acceleration sensor. The proposed AP-map and the algorithm to determine the travel direction of the mass using the
oscillator output are embedded in the microcomputer. This paper starts by illuminating the relation among subsystems of
the proposed system with reference to a block diagram, and then, shows experimental responses of the whole system
excited by earthquakes to confirm the validity of the proposed system.
This paper proposes an evaluation method for a CPG controller designed for active mass dampers. Neural oscillators composing the CPG have nonlinear and entrainment properties. Therefore, the proposed controller has possibility to have flexibility, when the structural parameters, i.e. stiffness or damping, are changed by the effect of earthquakes and the like. However, there has been no study to evaluate the controller’s above-mentioned properties. For tuning into practical application, the reliability and flexibility along with the controller’s performance must be analyzed. In our previous study, the phase reduction theory was tried to appraise the synchronization between a structure and a single neural oscillator and the synchronization region of the neural oscillator was obtained as basic research. However, the information from the synchronization region was insufficient to evaluate the system, because the neural oscillator has a phase difference called a phase locking point between the structure and the neural oscillator during the synchronization. Then, in this paper, the phase locking point within the synchronization region between a structure and a single neural oscillator is focused on, and the phase locking point and the vibration mitigation effect are considered with the simple object model.
This paper demonstrates a new semi-active vibration control method with harmonically varying damping on a serial two-degree- of freedom system. We applied the method of the harmonically varying damping to vibration mitigation of a single-degree-of-freedom structure and a parallel-coupled structure with dual frequency sinusoidal base excitation. However, no such study considering the serial multi-degree-of-freedom system has been conducted. In this paper, the proposed semi-active control law is applied for the serial multi-degree-of-freedom system, i.e., the structures with the seismic isolation layer. To more specifically, the primary mode response of the structure is controlled by the effect between harmonically varying damping and the higher-order mode response of the structure. However, the proposed control law requires the phase of the each mode response of the structure. Therefore, a new filter using a nonlinear oscillator, Stuart-Landau equation, is also proposed. The filter harnesses the synchronization properties of nonlinear oscillators, and can separates each mode vibration to estimate the each phase. The validity of the proposed system is shown by numerical simulation.
This paper analyzes effects of harmonically varying damping on a multi-degree-of freedom system. Our recent research
applied the method of the harmonically varying damping to vibration mitigation of a single-degree-of-freedom structure
with sinusoidal base excitation having two frequencies. In the study, an ideal variable damper is used in conjunction with
the secondary sinusoidal base excitation to reduce response due to the primary base excitation. If the primary sinusoidal
base excitation contains the natural frequency of the system, resonance is induced. However, another resonance can be
generated by the modulated component caused by the variable damping device and the secondary base excitation. The
additional resonance is adjusted to be out of phase with the primary response, resulting in effective control of the
structure. However, no such study considering the
multi-degree-of-freedom system has been conducted. This paper
presents the effect of the harmonically varying damping on the
multi-degree-of-freedom system, especially; the influence
on two structures in parallel with a variable damper between there is discussed.
This paper shows an evaluating method of synchronization between a structure and Central Pattern Generators (CPGs),
which are embedded in a controller designed for an active mass damper. A neural oscillator composing the CPGs has
nonlinear and entrainment properties. Therefore, the proposed controller has possibility to exhibit the characteristic of
robustness, when the structural parameters, i.e. stiffness or damping, are changed by earthquakes and the like. Our earlier
studies have proposed the new controller and ascertained the efficacy of vibration suppression. However, there has been
no study to evaluate the controller's above-mentioned properties. For tuning into practical application, the reliability and
robustness along with the controller's vibration mitigation performance must be analyzed. In this paper, phase reduction
theory is tried to appraise the synchronization between a structure and the CPGs. In this case, the synchronization
between the target structure and a single neural oscillator constituting the CPGs is required to be investigated. Therefore,
the single neural oscillator's the harmonization characteristic with sinusoidal input is firstly examined, and the
synchronization region is expressed using phase response curves. In addition, the mutual synchronization between the
structure and the single neural oscillator is studied under sinusoidal input using the result of the harmonization
characteristic.
This paper proposes a new control method for active mass dampers using a Central Pattern Generator in vibration
mitigation. The active mass dampers (or active dynamic absorbers) have been applied to structural vibration control of
high-rise buildings, bridges and so on. In this case, the mass of the active mass damper must oscillate in an appropriate
phase in relation to the control object, and generally, the damper has been designed by linear control theory as pole
placement method, optimal control method or H infinity control method, and all the rest. On the other hand, on walking
of animate beings like mammals or insects, both side feet have appropriate phase relations; moreover, it is possible to
keep moving on irregular ground. That is, algorithms for the walking would be embedded into the animate beings to
control the complicated and redundant bodies with ease and robustness. In biological study, the Central Pattern
Generators in bodies playing a significant role in the walking have been learned over the last few decades, and some
studies said that some animate beings are able to control their feet by using the generators without their brains in the
walking. Moreover, mathematical models of the pattern generators have been proposed, and some researchers have been
studying to realize walking of biped-robots using the pattern generators embedded in a computer. In this study, the
algorithm is installed into a controller for the active mass damper; furthermore, validation of the controller is performed
by numerical simulation.
In this paper, a nondestructive, in-service structural integrity monitoring methodology that can detect and characterize local
structural damages of contact-type, i.e. damages and failures which come along with generation, growth and/or changes of
contacting surfaces, such as cracks, debonding, preload-loss in bolted joints, etc., is presented. The presented monitoring
system consists of piezoelectric elements bonded on the structural surface, a high-frequency harmonic voltage source,
and a current detector. When the structure is subjected to a vibrational load such as operational load at low-frequencies,
the scattering conditions for the high-frequency elastic waves in the vicinity of the contact-type damages will change in
synchronization with the structural vibration because of the fluctuation of the contact conditions. This nonlinear effects
of vibro-acoustic interaction between the low-frequency vibration and the high-frequency wave field causes the change
in the driving-point impedance of the structure at the high frequency range, which leads to the significant modulation of
the coupled electro-mechanical impedance (or admittance) of the piezoelectric elements. Therefore, if the piezoelectric
elements are driven by a fixed amplitude high-frequency harmonic voltage source, the nonlinear fluctuation of the coupled
admittance can be observed as the amplitude and phase modulation of the current flowing through the piezoelectric element.
A modeling and analytical study of the nonlinear piezoelectric impedance modulation is presented for a beam structure
including a crack, utilizing a linear time-varying system theory. A damage evaluation measure is presented based on the dimensionless modal stiffness fluctuation estimated from the instantaneous admittance reconstructed from the demodulated current responses. Furthermore, fundamental strategies and future directions for damage localization based on the nonlinear piezoelectric impedance modulation are briefly discussed.
In this paper, a structural health monitoring (SHM) methodology that can detect and characterize local structural damages
in early stage is developed, by merging the concepts of two existing SHM principles, a piezoelectric impedance-based
methodology and a nonlinear wave modulation spectroscopy. The presented SHM system mainly consists of a piezoelectric
element bonded on the structural surface, a high-frequency harmonic voltage source, and a current detector. When the
structure is subjected to a dynamic load at low-frequencies, it vibrates, and the scattering conditions for the high-frequency
elastic waves in the vicinity of the inherent damages will change in synchronization with the structural vibration. This
nonlinear effects of vibro-acoustic interaction between the low-frequency vibration and the high-frequency wave field
causes the change in the driving-point impedance at the high frequency range, which can significantly modulate the coupled
electro-mechanical impedance (or admittance) of the piezoelectric element. Therefore, if the piezoelectric element is driven
by a fixed amplitude high-frequency harmonic voltage source, the nonlinear modulation of the coupled admittance can be
observed as the amplitude and phase modulation of the current flowing through the piezoelectric element. A simplified
modeling study of the above-mentioned nonlinear piezoelectric impedance modulation successfully leads to a damage
evaluation index that assesses the intensity of the modulation of the modal stiffness. Experiments using a cracked beam
are conducted to see how the impedance modulation can be observed and to examine the performance of the proposed
method.
This paper proposes a new method for the frequency response analysis of a vibration system with parametric excitation
of damping coefficient. A base-excited single-degree-of-freedom model with a variable damper is considered. The
variable damping coefficient can be changed to that in the case of a sine wave, i.e., a parametric excitation whose
frequency can be arbitrarily selected. One of the external forces acting on the mass through the damper from the base is
equivalent to the product of the damping coefficient and the input velocity. The product of the input sine wave and the
frequency-controlled sine wave for variable damping, yields a new vibration that has a frequency different from the input
frequency. Therefore, the oscillation of the damping coefficient at a suitable frequency can generate a new vibrational
component that has the same frequency as that of the eigen-oscillation of the vibration system. As a result, the vibration
amplitude increases because of resonance. In this study, first, we carry out theoretical analysis and obtain the frequency
response of the proposed system. Subsequently, we confirm the effectiveness of the proposed analysis method by
comparing the analysis result with previous simulation results.
KEYWORDS: Numerical analysis, Motion models, Vibration simulation, Numerical simulations, Simulink, Systems engineering, Smart structures, System integration, Systems modeling, Vibration control
This paper proposes a new method to generate a quasi-resonance by variable damping in a base-excited vibration system.
In general, the applications of variable damping are to dissipate energy of the vibration system and to reduce the
amplitude as soon as possible. Our purpose of the application is not decrease but increase of the amplitude of the
vibration system. In this paper, a simple single-degree-of-freedom base excited model with a variable damper is
considered. The coefficient of the variable damper is changed like a sine wave, i.e. parametric excitation which of the
frequency can be freely chosen. The damping force generated by the variable damper is equivalent to a product at the
variable coefficient and the relative velocity of the system between the base and the mass. By multiplying the input
sinusoidal wave from the base excitation by the frequency controllable sinusoidal wave of the variable damper, new
vibration that has another frequency besides the input frequency arises. Therefore, the controllable oscillation of the
damping coefficient in a suitable frequency can generate new vibration that has the same frequency as the natural
frequency of the vibration system. As a result, the amplitude of the vibration system increases because of a phenomenon
that is similar to common resonance. In this paper, we clarify the facts on the growth of the amplitude by the proposed
method in numerical analysis.
In this paper, the applicability of a nonlinear wave modulation-based crack monitoring methodology has been experimentally investigated. Experiments using a beam specimen with a low-cycle fatigue crack have been conducted for the purpose of preliminary study, in which two PZT patches attached on the beam have been used as the transducer of high frequency probe wave. When the specimen is subjected to a harmonic loading at low frequencies, it vibrates, and the presence of the crack introduces a nonlinear effect to the vibro-acoustic dynamics resulting an interaction between the low frequency structural vibration and the high frequency probe wave. This nonlinearity is observed as the amplitude and phase modulation of the received probe wave synchronous with the structural vibration. To investigate the relationship between the modulations, the structural vibration and the damage extent, the collected signal at the receiver PZT has been separated into low frequency and high frequency components, the former has been used to obtain the information about the structural vibration, while the latter has been demodulated in amplitude and phase. The demodulated waveforms have been examined as a potential indicator of the crack extent, especially focusing on their higher harmonics. Then, a "modulation surface" constructed from the modulated envelopes and the low frequency components has been proposed, which could provide more detailed view of the nonlinear wave modulation effects induced by the crack development. Several candidates for a damage indicator based on the modulation surface have been presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the modulation surface as a sensitive and promising feature relevant to the damage extent.
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