Precise measurements of the dipole moment of the neutron test the standard model of particle physics. Typical experiments detect the evolution of neutrons in magnetic and electric fields. Achieving high sensitivity requires stable and homogeneous fields. We are investigating nitrogen-vacancy diamonds for sensing electric fields. As a first step we have measured electric fields by optically-detected magnetic resonance. Near avoided crossings a first-order Stark effect is observed. Line positions can be measured to about 5 kHz, allowing electric fields to be measured to about 2 kV/cm. Extending the technique to use electromagnetically-induced transparency will allow for an all-optical probe, but may introduce issues of systematic errors in the electric field measurement.
We report measurements of optically detected magnetic resonance spectra of ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) centers in diamonds in the presence of electromagnetic fields. To reduce inhomogeneous broadening, the spectra are acquired from a region of 20 cubic microns in a CVD(Chemical Vapor Deposition) diamond through a confocal microscope. The Stark shift from transverse electric fields is enhanced at avoided crossings between the hyperfine levels that arise from interaction with 14N(I = 1) nuclei in the diamond lattice. As expected from previous reports, the Stark shift of the spectral lines is stronger when there is no magnetic field along the NV axis. The shift is also strong, but for different transitions, at a field of about 100 uT.
Ensembles of negatively charged nitrogen vacancy centers in diamonds are investigated as optical sensors for electric and magnetic fields in the interaction region of a neutron electric dipole moment experiment. As a first step towards measuring electric fields, the Stark shift is investigated in the ground electronic state, using optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) to measure hyperfine-resolved fine structure transitions. One detection approach is to modulate the electric field and demodulate the ODMR signal at the modulation frequency or its harmonic. Models indicate that the ratio of the amplitudes of these signals provides information about the magnitude of the electric field. Experiments show line shapes consistent with the models. Methods are considered for extending this technique to all-optical measurement of fields. Additionally, progress is reported towards an all-optical, fiberized sensor based on electromagnetically-induced transparency (EIT), which may be suitable for measuring magnetic fields. The design uses total internal reflection to provide a long optical path through the diamond for both the 637 nm EIT laser and a green repump laser.
A prototype magnetometer for anti-submarine warfare applications is being developed based on nonlinear magneto-optical
rotation (NMOR) in atomic vapors. NMOR is an atomic spectroscopy technique that exploits coherences among magnetic
sublevels of atoms such as cesium or rubidium to measure magnetic fields with high precision. NMOR uses stroboscopic
optical pumping via frequency or amplitude modulation of a linearly polarized laser beam to create the alignment. An
anti-relaxation coating on the walls of the atomic vapor cell can result in a long lifetime of 1 s or more for the coherence and
enables precise measurement of the precession frequency. With proper feedback, the magnetometer can self-oscillate,
resulting in accurate tracking and fast time response.
The NMOR magnetic resonance spectrum of 87Rb has been measured as a function of heading in Earth's field. Optical pumping of alignment within the F=2 hyperfine manifold generates three resonances separated by the nonlinear Zeeman
splitting. The spectra show a high degree of symmetry, consisting of a central peak and two side peaks of nearly equal
intensity. As the heading changes, the ratio of the central peak to the average of the two side peaks changes. The amplitudes
of the side peaks remain nearly equal. An analysis of the forced oscillation spectra indicates that, away from dead zones,
heading error in self-oscillating mode should be less than 1 nT. A broader background is also observed in the spectra. While
this background can be removed when fitting resonance spectra, understanding it will be important to achieving the small
heading error in self-oscillating mode that is implied by the spectral measurements.
Progress in miniaturizing the magnetometer is also reported. The new design is less than 10 cm across and includes fiber
coupling of light to and from the magnetometer head. Initial tests show that the prototype has achieved a narrow spectral
width and a strong polarization rotation signal.
A self-oscillating magnetometer based on nonlinear magneto-optical rotation using amplitude-modulated pump light and unmodulated probe light (AM-NMOR) in 87Rb has been constructed and tested towards a goal of airborne detection of magnetic anomalies. In AM-NMOR, stroboscopic optical pumping via amplitude modulation of the pump beam creates alignment of the ground electronic state of the rubidium atoms. The Larmor precession causes an ac rotation of the
polarization of a separate probe beam; the polarization rotation frequency provides a measure of the magnetic field. An anti-relaxation coating on the walls of the atomic vapor cell results in a long lifetime of 56 ms for the alignment, which enables precise measurement of the precession frequency. Light is delivered to the magnetometer by polarization-maintaining optical fibers. Tests of the sensitivity include directly measuring the beat frequency between the magnetometer and a commercial instrument and measurements of Earth's field under magnetically quiet conditions, indicating a sensitivity of at least 5 pT/νHz. Rotating the sensor indicates a heading error of less than 1 nT, limited in part by residual magnetism of the sensor.
Measurement of the isotopic composition of atmospheric methane is a valuable tool for understanding the sources and sinks of the global carbon budget. One promising carbon isotope ratio measurement technology is optical spectroscopy using inter-band cascade (IC) lasers. Ongoing development of these light sources has the goal of providing, from a package operating near room temperature, a single mode laser source in the wavelength range of 3 &mgr;m. The spectral features of methane are sufficiently strong at this wavelength that a path length of about 100 m should suffice for measuring 12- and 13-C isotopes in air without pre-concentrating the sample. Experimental IC lasers are described and their use for isotope sensing by wavelength modulation spectroscopy is evaluated.
Type I antimonide diode lasers operate in the 2000 to 2800 nm spectral region. Compared to the 1300 to 1650nm communications spectral band, the antimonide band can access stronger molecular transitions and thus potentially achieve higher sensitivity. Compared to quantum cascade or lead-salt lasers operating at longer infrared wavelengths,antimonide lasers have the advantage that both laser and detector technology support room temperature, cw operation. This paper describes experiments to measure ammonia and methane simultaneously, with high sensitivity and fast response, using a distributed feedback laser at 2200 nm. Our approach is based on scanning the laser over a small spectral regionthat encompasses several lines, either by varying the laser temperature or current, while simultaneously using wavelength modulation with harmonic detection to record the spectrum. Temperature scanning is slower but can cover a wider spectral interval. Digital signal processing methods, including classical least squares and singular value decomposition, extract the gas concentrations from the measured spectra. The accuracy and precision of these algorithms are compared in two limits: the limit when both gases are absent or present only at low levels, and the limit when the concentration of one gas is high.
Backscatter gas imaging uses laser absorption spectroscopy to detect the presence of a gas by illuminating a region with light from an infrared laser and imaging the returned light. Contrast can be enhanced by comparing the back-scattered intensity on and off the absorption feature. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy can provide just such a capability, but the detector signal must be processed with a lock-in amplifier, which is incompatible or prohibitively expensive with most array detectors. Images can be recorded using a single photodiode by spatially modulating the laser or the detected image. This paper describes initial experiments to demonstrate the feasibility of a combined wavelength- and spatially- modulated gas imager. It is based on a single near-infrared laser, a single detector, lock-in detection, and a commercial micromirror array. The gases imaged include water vapor, mono-deuterated water vapor, acetylene and hydrogen cyanide. Doppler imaging is demonstrated using heterodyne detection and spatial image modulation.
We describe research leading to a trace gas detection system based on optical absorption using near-IR diode lasers that is intended to provide early warning of incipient fires. Applications include "high loss" structures such as office buildings, hospitals, hotels and shopping malls as well as airplanes and manned spacecraft where convention smoke detectors generate unacceptably high false alarm rates. Simultaneous or near-simultaneous detection of several gases (typically carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, acetylene and hydrogen cyanide) provides high sensitivity while reducing the chance of false alarms. Continuous measurement of carbon dioxide concentrations also provides an internal check of instrument performance because ambient levels will not drop below ~350 ppm.
Visible/near-infrared diode lasers are well-suited for use as spectroscopic light sources in detection of a wide variety of gases by optical absorption. The high spectral resolution of these devices permits the selective detection of targeted species, while their characteristics of low cost, room temperature operation, and compatibility with fiber optics make them attractive for instrument development. A partial list of industrially or environmentally significant gases that may be measured by near-IR diode laser spectroscopy includes oxygen, water vapor, methane, acetylene, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen halides, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen oxides. This paper describes recent work at Southwest Sciences in development of diode laser-based instrumentation for industrial or environmental monitoring applications. Instrumentation utilizing a 1.393 micrometers DFB diode laser for measurement of trace moisture contamination in high purity process gases is described. In addition, recent laboratory studies to characterize the performance of new types of diode lasers in gas sensing applications are discussed, including vertical cavity surface emitting lasers in the 650 to 960 nm region and antimonide-based lasers in the 2.6 micrometers region.
Single-frequency near-infrared diode lasers are used to measure atmospheric methane and water vapor. Using high-frequency wavelength modulation methods, sensitive instrumentation with fast time response are designed. Communications lasers operating near 1310 nm probe weak overtone transitions of both molecules; lasers with custom wavelengths at present lack sophisticated packaging, but can achieve much higher sensitivity. We describe two field-tested instruments: an automated, airborne hygrometer with a sensitivity of 8 ppm (by volume) with a one second averaging time, and a fast response methane sensor with a sensitivity of 65 ppb. Improvements to these instruments are outlined, and the effects of laser nonlinearities are noted.
Diode laser spectroscopy provides exceptional sensitivity and selectivity for real-time characterization of reacting systems and gas streams. High frequency wavelength modulation techniques achieve species detection limits that are routinely in the ppm range and can reach sub-ppb levels under favorable conditions. Narrow laser linewidths guarantee selective detection of key species even in the presence of myriad other components. Diode laser spectroscopy is also relatively immune from interference by black body radiation or chemiluminescence. Prototype diode-laser based systems have been demonstrated successfully for trace gas detection in turbulent, high temperature particle-laden streams, for oxygen quantitation in flames, for free radical characterization in a plasma etching reactor and for greenhouse gas flux measurements in air. We also discuss the availability of laser wavelengths, compatibility with fiber optics, cost safety and expectations for new laser development.
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