The use of rolling shutter (RS) detectors for wavefront sensing in Adaptive Optics (AO) allows for a reduced control loop latency. However, time-varying low-order atmospheric modes are partially leaked into high-order (HO) ones. While this is not a problem with Natural Guide Stars, for Laser Guide Stars (LGS) the uplink jitter component (discarded in the AO loop together with the atmospheric tip-tilt) will leak into the HO controller and generate unwanted extra correction (in the order of hundreds of nanometers in the case of Extremely Large Telescopes), severely impairing the AO correction performance. In this paper we analyze this effect and present an algorithm to effectively minimize the impact of the LGS jitter leak into higher orders while preserving the advantage of reduced latency. Additionally, we briefly discuss the impact of its implementation in the Real-Time Computer (RTC). We also describe the adopted discrete-time simulation framework at AO loop rate which we developed to capture the particularities of RS detectors, but which is also applicable to global shutter detectors. This framework exactly represents in z-space all sub-frame delays, actuator dynamics and any arbitrary detector readout scheme while improving the simulation accuracy when compared to continuous models based on Laplace-transform approximations. It also allows for considerably faster simulations than pure continuous or mixed discrete-continuous models and simplifies the control loop analysis (stability, robustness, etc.). We finally address the implementation of pseudo open-loop control (POLC) with RS detectors, as well as the impact of vibrations.
The construction of the ELT is now in full swing. This is true both for the construction of the Dome and Main Structure (DMS) in Chile, but also for all the other sub-systems manufactured by industrial partners in Europe. While the DMS is entirely managed by the industrial consortium, the shipment to Chile and the installation at the telescope of the other subsystems is mostly under the responsibility of ESO. The shipment of these components from Europe to Chile has started recently and will soon reach a level of ~10'000 components/month. All these components will need to be tracked during their shipment, incoming inspections will need to be performed, health-checks and integration with other components will need to be done. The components will then be stored temporarily at the warehouse, before being installed at the telescope. We will present the approach for the logistics, infrastructure, and the tools set up to manage the status and location of all these components and to keep the link to their associated latest documentation.
The ELT Phasing and Diagnostic Station (PDS), is a multi-purpose optomechanical system providing metrology tools to phase the segmented primary mirror of the ELT and hosting the sensors required to verify AO-assisted diffraction limited image quality at the ELT. The purpose of the PDS in the context of the ELT lifecycle is twofold. On one side, during the AIV phase of the ELT, the PDS will be the fundamental tool enabling commissioning of the telescope. On the other hand, during operation, the PDS will provide the essential metrology means to monitor performance and detect and isolate potential failures within the observatory. The project, which is one of the most important internal development endeavors at ESO, passed PDR in mid-2021 and underwent an optical final design review in late 2021, where challenges associated to the schedule were identified and more time was given to optimize the design. The project underwent a restructuring in early 2022 before starting its final design phase which has been successfully completed in 2023. In the same period all procurements concerning critical long lead items have been launched. The present contribution first introduces the project in the context of the ELT construction programme, outlining the project structure and the project management tools employed for planning and progress monitoring. Subsequently, the main system engineering processes used within the project will be described. Finally, we report on the main technical results obtained during the final design phase and the plans for the assembly, integration and test of the system.
EELT AIV is the activity of assembly, integration and verification of EELT (European Extremely Large Telescope) subsystems to deliver a telescope capable of fulfilling its top-level requirements and ready to start science commissioning, leading to operations. The AIV (Assembly Integration Verification) phase covers all technical activities on Armazones and nearby Paranal Observatory from the moment the sub-systems and components are delivered or accepted on-site (from the responsible sub-system project manager). AIV includes final system tests of the completed telescope (known as “Technical Commissioning”) and the installation, alignment and telescope integration of the science instruments. The AIV phase ends with the handover of the completed telescope with installed instruments, to the start of Science Commissioning. Responsibility then passes to the Commissioning team, however the technical resources for debugging and tuning the telescope and instrument will come from a combination of the AIV team working together with the Paranal operations staff. AIV is one of the major technical challenge of E-ELT. The sheer scale and complexity of the telescope involves challenging logistics and scheduling i.e. 798 mirror segments with a staged delivery over four years, including 9,048 edge sensor and 2,394 position actuators. More than ten major sub-systems e.g. M2-3-4-5, PreFocal Station (PFS) and instruments will be integrated and tested in parallel. Finally, the technical commissioning phase will be a significant challenge. E-ELT is a highly complex active telescope system with a fully-integrated adaptive optics (AO) system. During early testing nothing will be straightforward and there will be many system-level problems to overcome. It will take a dedicated team of the “best of the best” people to troubleshoot, debug, tune, and hand over as an operational facility.
GALACSI is the Adaptive Optics (AO) module that will serve the MUSE Integral Field Spectrograph. In Wide Field Mode it will enhance the collected energy in a 0.2”×0.2” pixel by a factor 2 at 750 nm over a Field of View (FoV) of 1’×1’ using the Ground Layer AO (GLAO) technique. In Narrow Field Mode, it will provide a Strehl Ratio of 5% (goal 10%) at 650 nm, but in a smaller FoV (7.5”×7.5” FoV), using Laser Tomography AO (LTAO). Before being ready for shipping to Paranal, the system has gone through an extensive testing phase in Europe, first in standalone mode and then in closed loop with the DSM in Europe. After outlining the technical features of the system, we describe here the first part of that testing phase and the integration with the AOF ASSIST (Adaptive Secondary Setup and Instrument Stimulator) testbench, including a specific adapter for the IRLOS truth sensor. The procedures for the standalone verification of the main system performances are outlined, and the results of the internal functional tests of GALACSI after full integration and alignment on ASSIST are presented.
The Four Laser Guide Star Facility (4LGSF) is part of the ESO Adaptive Optics Facility, in which one of the VLT telescopes, UT4, is transformed in an adaptive telescope-equipped with a deformable secondary mirror, two adaptive optics systems at the Nasmyth focii and four sodium laser guide star modular units. In this paper we present the design, the assembly and validation test performed so far in Europe on the first laser guide star unit.
GALACSI is the Adaptive Optics (AO) modules of the ESO Adaptive Optics Facility (AOF) that will correct the wavefront delivered to the MUSE Integral Field Spectrograph. It will sense with four 40×40 subapertures Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors the AOF 4 Laser Guide Stars (LGS), acting on the 1170 voice-coils actuators of the Deformable Secondary Mirror (DSM). GALACSI has two operating modes: in Wide Field Mode (WFM), with the four LGS at 64” off axis, the collected energy in a 0.2”×0.2” pixel will be enhanced by a factor 2 at 750 nm over a Field of View (FoV) of 1’×1’ using the Ground Layer AO (GLAO) technique. The other mode, the Narrow Field Mode (NFM), provides an enhanced wavefront correction (Strehl Ratio (SR) of 5% (goal 10%) at 650 nm) but in a smaller FoV (7.5”×7.5”), using Laser Tomography AO (LTAO), with the 4 LGS located closer, at 10” off axis. Before being shipped to Paranal, GALACSI will be first integrated and fully tested in stand-alone, and then moved to a dedicated AOF facility to be tested with the DSM in Europe. At present the module is fully assembled, its main functionalities have been implemented and verified, and AO system tests with the DSM are starting. We present here the main system features and the results of the internal functional tests of GALACSI.
The Enhanced Resolution Imager and Spectrograph (ERIS) is the next-generation adaptive optics near-IR imager and
spectrograph for the Cassegrain focus of the Very Large Telescope (VLT) Unit Telescope 4, which will soon make full
use of the Adaptive Optics Facility (AOF). It is a high-Strehl AO-assisted instrument that will use the Deformable
Secondary Mirror (DSM) and the new Laser Guide Star Facility (4LGSF). The project has been approved for
construction and has entered its preliminary design phase. ERIS will be constructed in a collaboration including the Max-
Planck Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich and the Osservatorio
Astrofisico di Arcetri and will offer 1 - 5 μm imaging and 1 - 2.5 μm integral field spectroscopic capabilities with a high
Strehl performance. Wavefront sensing can be carried out with an optical high-order NGS Pyramid wavefront sensor, or
with a single laser in either an optical low-order NGS mode, or with a near-IR low-order mode sensor. Due to its highly
sensitive visible wavefront sensor, and separate near-IR low-order mode, ERIS provides a large sky coverage with its 1’
patrol field radius that can even include AO stars embedded in dust-enshrouded environments. As such it will replace,
with a much improved single conjugated AO correction, the most scientifically important imaging modes offered by
NACO (diffraction limited imaging in the J to M bands, Sparse Aperture Masking and Apodizing Phase Plate (APP)
coronagraphy) and the integral field spectroscopy modes of SINFONI, whose instrumental module, SPIFFI, will be
upgraded and re-used in ERIS. As part of the SPIFFI upgrade a new higher resolution grating and a science detector
replacement are envisaged, as well as PLC driven motors. To accommodate ERIS at the Cassegrain focus, an extension
of the telescope back focal length is required, with modifications of the guider arm assembly. In this paper we report on
the status of the baseline design. We will also report on the main science goals of the instrument, ranging from exoplanet
detection and characterization to high redshift galaxy observations. We will also briefly describe the SINFONI-SPIFFI
upgrade strategy, which is part of the ERIS development plan and the overall project timeline.
KEYWORDS: Sensors, High dynamic range imaging, Astronomical imaging, Calibration, Imaging spectroscopy, Linear filtering, Near infrared, Cadmium sulfide, Black bodies, Spectroscopy
EMIR is the NIR imager and multiobject spectrograph being built as a common user instrument for the GTC and it is
currently entering in the integration and verification phase at system level. EMIR is being built by a Consortium of
Spanish and French institutes led by the IAC.
In this paper we describe the readout modes of EMIR detector, a Hawaii2 FPA, after two full calibrations campaigns.
Besides the standard set of modes (reset-read, CDS, Fowler, Follow-up the ramp), the modified SDSU-III hardware and
home made software will also offer high dynamic range readout modes, which will improve the ability of the instrument
to sound densely populated areas which often are made of objects with large differences in brightness. These new high
dynamic range modes are: single readout with very short integration time, window mode and combination of both. The
results show that the new modes behave linearly with different exposition times, improve the maximum frame rate and
increase the saturation limit in image mode for EMIR instrument.
OSIRIS (Optical System for Imaging and low Resolution Integrated Spectroscopy) was the optical Day One instrument
for the 10.4m Spanish telescope GTC. It is installed at the Observatorio del Roque de Los Muchachos (La Palma, Spain).
This instrument has been operational since March-2009 and covers from 360 to 1000 nm. OSIRIS observing modes
include direct imaging with tunable and conventional filters, long slit and low resolution spectroscopy. OSIRIS wide
field of view and high efficiency provide a powerful tool for the scientific exploitation of GTC. OSIRIS was developed
by a Consortium formed by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) and the Instituto de Astronomía de la
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IA-UNAM). The latter was in charge of the optical design, the manufacture
of the camera and collaboration in the assembly, integration and verification process. The IAC was responsible for the
remaining design of the instrument and it was the project leader. The present paper considers the development of the
instrument from its design to its present situation in which is in used by the scientific community.
HARMONI is a visible and near-IR integral field spectrograph, providing the E-ELT's spectroscopic capability at first
light. It obtains simultaneous spectra of 32000 spaxels, at a range of resolving powers from R~4000 to R~20000,
covering the wavelength range from 0.47 to 2.45 μm. The 256 × 128 spaxel field of view has four different plate scales,
with the coarsest scale (40 mas) providing a 5″ × 10″ FoV, while the finest scale is a factor of 10 finer (4mas).
We describe the opto-mechanical design of HARMONI, prior to the start of preliminary design, including the main subsystems
- namely the image de-rotator, the scale-changing optics, the splitting and slicing optics, and the spectrographs.
We also present the secondary guiding system, the pupil imaging optics, the field and pupil stops, the natural guide star
wavefront sensor, and the calibration unit.
Niranjan Thatte, Mathias Tecza, Fraser Clarke, Roger Davies, Alban Remillieux, Roland Bacon, David Lunney, Santiago Arribas, Evencio Mediavilla, Fernando Gago, Naidu Bezawada, Pierre Ferruit, Ana Fragoso, David Freeman, Javier Fuentes, Thierry Fusco, Angus Gallie, Adolfo Garcia, Timothy Goodsall, Felix Gracia, Aurelien Jarno, Johan Kosmalski, James Lynn, Stuart McLay, David Montgomery, Arlette Pecontal, Hermine Schnetler, Harry Smith, Dario Sosa, Giuseppina Battaglia, Neil Bowles, Luis Colina, Eric Emsellem, Ana Garcia-Perez, Szymon Gladysz, Isobel Hook, Patrick Irwin, Matt Jarvis, Robert Kennicutt, Andrew Levan, Andy Longmore, John Magorrian, Mark McCaughrean, Livia Origlia, Rafael Rebolo, Dimitra Rigopoulou, Sean Ryan, Mark Swinbank, Nial Tanvir, Eline Tolstoy, Aprajita Verma
We describe the results of a Phase A study for a single field, wide band, near-infrared integral field spectrograph for the
European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT). HARMONI, the High Angular Resolution Monolithic Optical & Nearinfrared
Integral field spectrograph, provides the E-ELT's core spectroscopic requirement. It is a work-horse instrument,
with four different spatial scales, ranging from seeing to diffraction-limited, and spectral resolving powers of 4000,
10000 & 20000 covering the 0.47 to 2.45 μm wavelength range. It is optimally suited to carry out a wide range of
observing programs, focusing on detailed, spatially resolved studies of extended objects to unravel their morphology,
kinematics and chemical composition, whilst also enabling ultra-sensitive observations of point sources.
We present a synopsis of the key science cases motivating the instrument, the top level specifications, a description of
the opto-mechanical concept, operation and calibration plan, and image quality and throughput budgets. Issues of
expected performance, complementarity and synergies, as well as simulated observations are presented elsewhere in
these proceedings[1].
EMIR, currently entering into its fabrication and AIV phase, will be one of the first common user instruments for the GTC, the 10 meter telescope under construction by GRANTECAN at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory (Canary Islands, Spain). EMIR is being built by a Consortium of Spanish and French institutes led by the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC). EMIR is designed to realize one of the central goals of 10m class telescopes, allowing observers to obtain spectra for large numbers of faint sources in an time-efficient manner. EMIR is primarily designed to be operated as a MOS in the K band, but offers a wide range of observing modes, including imaging and spectroscopy, both long slit and multiobject, in the wavelength range 0.9 to 2.5 μm. It is equipped with two innovative subsystems: a robotic reconfigurable multislit mask and disperssive elements formed by the combination of high quality diffraction grating and conventional prisms, both at the heart of the instrument. The present status of development, expected performances, schedule and plans for scientific exploitation are described and discussed. The development and fabrication of EMIR is funded by GRANTECAN and the Plan Nacional de Astronomia y Astrofisica (National Plan for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Spain).
Real-time control has been clearly identified as a separate challenging field within Adaptive Optics, where a lot of computations have to be performed at kilohertz rate to properly actuate the mirror(s) before the input wavefront information has become obsolete. When considering giant telescopes, the number of guide stars, wavefront samples and actuators rises to a level where the amount of processing is far from being manageable by today's conventional processors and even from the expectations given by Moore's law for the next years. FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) technology has been proposed to overcome this problem by using its massively parallel nature and its superb speed. A complete laboratory test bench using only one FPGA was developed by our group [1], and now this paper summarizes the early results of a real telescope adaptive optics system based in the FPGA-only approach. The system has been installed in the OGS telescope at "Observatorio del Teide", Tenerife, Spain, showing that a complete system with 64 Shack-Hartmann microlenses and 37 actuators (plus tip-tilt mirror) can be implemented with a real time control completely contained within a Xilinx Virtex-4 LX25 FPGA. The wavefront sensor has been implemented using a PULNIX gigabit ethernet camera (714 frames per second), and an ANDOR IXON camera has been used for the
evaluation of the overall correcting behavior.
FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) technology has become a very powerful tool available to the electronic designer, specially after the spreading of high quality synthesis and simulation software packages at very affordable prices. They also offer high physical integration levels and high speed, and eases the implementation of parallelism to obtain superb features. Adaptive optics for the next generation telescopes (50-100 m diameter) -or improved versions for existing ones- requires a huge amount of processing power that goes beyond the practical limits of today's processor capability, and perhaps tomorrow's, so FPGAs may become a viable approach. In order to evaluate the feasibility of such a system, a laboratory adaptive optical test bench has been developed, using only FPGAs in its closed loop processing chain. A Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor has been implemented using a 955-image per second DALSA CA-D6 camera, and a 37-channel OKO mirror has been used for wavefront correcting. Results are presented and extrapolation of the behavior for large and extremely large telescopes is discussed.
We present the final global design and performances of EMIR, the NIR multi-object spectrograph of the GTC, as well as the plan for its early scientific exploitation. EMIR, currently in the middle of its final phase, will be one of the first common user instruments for the GTC, the 10 meter telescope under construction by GRANTECAN at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory (Canary Islands, Spain). EMIR is being built by a Consortium of Spanish and French institutes led by the IAC. EMIR is designed to realize one of the central goals of 10m class telescopes, allowing observers to obtain spectra for large numbers of faint sources in an time-efficient manner. EMIR is primarily designed to be operated as a MOS in the K band, but offers a wide range of observing modes, which include imaging and spectroscopy, both long slit and multi-object, in the wavelength range 0.9 to 2.5 mm. It is equipped with two innovative subsystems: a robotic reconfigurable multi-slit mask and dispersive elements formed by the combination of high quality diffraction grating and conventional prisms, both at the heart of the instrument. The present status of development, expected performances, schedule and plans for scientific exploitation are described and discussed. This project is mostly funded by GRANTECAN and the Plan Nacional de Astronomia y Astrofisica (National Plan for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Spain).
EMIR is a multiobject intermediate resolution near infrared (1.0-2.5 microns) spectrograph with image capabilities to be mounted on the 10m Gran Telescopio de Canarias (GTC), located on the Spanish island of La Palma. This paper shows an overview of the EMIR electronics and mechanism control.
First, a description of the detector (a Hawaii-2 array) electronics is given, which involves the use of commercial components (resistors, capacitors and operational amplifiers) working under cryogenic conditions (around 77K). This paper describes the particularities of the cold electronics, showing the problems found and the way to solve them. Preliminary results of the detector characterization are also presented in this paper.
Secondly, an overview of the different mechanisms of the instrument is presented. They are cryogenic mechanisms with pretty stringent positioning requirements. The technological solutions used to meet the tight control requirements will be described.
KEYWORDS: Interference (communication), Signal to noise ratio, Amplifiers, Sensors, Analog electronics, Quantization, Electrons, Signal detection, Infrared detectors, Astronomy
One of the problems found in the design of the electronics for astronomical instruments is the difficulty to find precise digitizers (16 bits) at high speed. In fact, most of the chips which claim to have 16-bit actually have a lower ENOB (Effective Number Of Bits), normally around 14, when considering their noise effects. In this paper, a technique based in auto-adjustable gain amplifiers is proposed as a way to relax the A/D requirements for astronomical CCDs and infrared detectors. The amplifiers will automatically toggle between 2 different gains depending on the pixel value. The technique is based on the fact that, due to the shot (photon) noise of the detectors, the maximum signal to noise ratio achievable in most of these devices is relatively low, allowing the use of A/D converters with an ENOB of only 14 (or even 12) bits when combined with auto-adjustable gain amplifiers. It will be shown that the lower resolution of the A/D converters will not affect the accuracy of the science data, even when many images are averaged out to compensate the effects of the shot noise. Furthermore, given that many real A/D converters do not reach an ENOB of 16, for low level signals the accuracy can be even slightly improved with the technique described in this paper. On the other hand, this relaxing of the A/D requirements can allow the use of off-the-shelf boards for the acquisition systems.
In this contribution we review the overall features of EMIR, the NIR multiobject spectrograph of the GTC. EMIR is at present in the middle of the PD phase and will be one of the first common user instruments for the GTC, the 10 meter telescope under construction by GRANTECAN at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory (Canary Islands, Spain). EMIR is being built by a Consortium of Spanish, French and British institutes led by the IAC. EMIR is designed to realize one of the central goals of 10m class telescopes, allowing observers to obtain spectra for large numbers of faint sources in an time-efficient manner. EMIR is primarily designed to be operated as a MOS in the K band, but offers a wide range of observing modes, including imaging and spectroscopy, both long slit and multiobject, in the wavelength range 0.9 to 2.5 μm. The present status of development, expected performances and schedule are described and discussed. This project is funded by GRANTECAN and the Plan Nacional de Astronomía y Astrofísica (National Plan for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Spain).
EMIR (Espectrógrafo Multiobjeto Infrarrojo) is a wide-field, near-infrared, multi-object spectrograph, with image capabilities, which will be located at the Nasmyth focus of GTC (Gran Telescopio Canarias). It will allow observers to obtain many intermediate resolution spectra simultaneously, in the nIR bands Z, J, H, K. A multi-slit mask unit will be used for target acquisition.
This paper shows an overview of the EMIR software. Its architecture is distributed with real time features, having in mind to build a reusable, maintainable and inexpensive system. In this paper, we outline the main performances of the current design and some examples already implemented are given.
The European Space Agency (ESA) has undertaken the development of Optical Data Relay payloads, aimed at establishing free space optical communication links between satellites. The first of such systems put into orbit is the SILEX project, in which an experimental link between a GEO satellite (ARTEMIS) and a LEO satellite (SPOT IV) will be used to relay earth observation data. In order to perform In Orbit Testing (IOT) of these and future optical communications systems, ESA and the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC) reached an agreement for the building of the Optical Ground Station (OGS) in the IAC Teide Observatory, which consists basically of a 1-meter telescope and the suitable instrumentation for establishing and testing bi-directional optical links with satellites. The presence of the atmosphere in the data path posses particular problems, with an impact on the instrumentation design. The transmission, reception and measurement functions, along with the overall control of the instruments, are performed at OGS by the Focal Plane Control Electronics (FPCE). The design and performance of this instrumentation is presented, emphasizing the Pointing, Acquisition and Tracking, the Tuneable Laser and the Master Control.
EMIR is a multiobject intermediate resolution near infrared (1.0 - 2.5 microns) spectrograph with image capabilities to be mounted on the Gran Telescopio Canarias (Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, La Palma, Spain). EMIR is under design by a consortium of Spanish, French and British institutions, led by the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. This work has been partially funded by the GTC Project Office. The instrument will deliver images and spectra in a large FOV (6 X 6 arcmin), and because of the telescope image scale (1 arcmin equals 52 mm) and the spectral resolution required, around 4000, one of the major challenges of the instrument is the optics and optomechanics. Different approaches have been studied since the initial proposal, trying to control the risks of the instrument, while fitting the initial scientific requirements. Issues on optical concepts, material availability, temperature as well as optomechanical mounting of the instrument will be presented.
EMIR is a near-IR, multi-slit camera-spectrograph under development for the 10m GTC on La Palma. It will deliver up to 45 independent R equals 3500-4000 spectra of sources over a field of view of 6 feet by 3 feet, and allow NIR imaging over a 6 foot by 6 foot FOV, with spatial sampling of 0.175 inch/pixel. The prime science goal of the instrument is to open K-band, wide field multi-object spectroscopy on 10m class telescopes. Science applications range from the study of star-forming galaxies beyond z equals 2, to observations of substellar objects and dust-enshrouded star formation regions. Main technological challenges include the large optics, the mechanical and thermal stability and the need to implement a mask exchange mechanism that does not require warming up the spectrograph. EMIR is begin developed by the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, the Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial, the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, the Observatoire Midi-Pyrennees, and the University of Durham. Currently in its Preliminary Design phase, EMIR is expected to start science operation in 2004.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.