Optical interconnect is a novel integration approach that combines optics and silicon between CPUs to meet the requirements of next generation AI computing and data center transmission systems. In these applications, the attachment with precision alignment of multiple fibers from 12 to 16 with their corresponding waveguides is crucial and challenging to establish efficient optical interfaces. We employ a passive alignment technique, utilizing a V-groove structure to accommodate 16 single-mode fibers directly coupling to waveguides without additional optical components. This paper presents results of optical coupling with low losses and variations across all fiber-waveguide pairs.
A high peak power low jitter, single frequency eyesafe laser with precisely controllable firing time is presented by a new injection seeding configuration, in which the oscillator can output energy of near tens to more than 100 mJ, with a pulse width of tens of nanoseconds and single transversal mode. Comparing with current existing techniques, this design presents a new approach of using the cavity entrapped, amplified seeding signal, injection seeding method to precisely control the high peak energy launching time within a nanosecond jitter and achieve single frequency operation at the same time. The advantage of the realized regime is that in stable laser operation there is no need to adjust the slave cavity length to match the seeded light longitudinal mode.
This report presents a diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) high peak power laser with output energy of 300 mJ, operating frequency of 300 Hz, and pulse width of less than one nanosecond (FWHM) which corresponds to peak power of 300 MW at one micrometer emission wavelength. The laser system consists of a master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) configuration with the output energy of one millijoule from the oscillator, the output energy of up to 15 millijoules from the pre-amplifier and the output energy of 300 mJ from the power amplifier. The transversal mode is close to the single mode with M2 less than 1.5 and the lasing wavelength is 1064 nm. The MOPA system is well packaged in a compact footprint of 2×3 square feet.
This report presents the result of the laser beam profile progression in target-in-the-loop (TIL) system. This simulation experiment is to verify whether it is possible to form a tight hot spot similar to a single transversal mode in an extended laser cavity. Therefore, it is very important to observe the progression of the laser profile at a laser cavity mirror when a seeded high energy laser pulse is injected into the TIL system. The extended laser cavity is formed with a high reflectivity mirror on one end and an optical phase conjugated mirror as the second mirror, with potential disturbance media inside. The laser oscillation occurs only when it is triggered with a single frequency high energy laser pulse to overcome the threshold condition. With a laser cavity length of around 11 meters and a seeded laser pulse of 10 ns, we have been able to acquire and distinguish the laser beam profiles of each round-trip. Inserting a scattering media and other distortion elements can simulate atmospheric effects.
This paper will get to the bottom of the mechanism of a superior inject seeding technology, and take it even further, from the solid state laser into the fiber laser configuration. This low jitter, single frequency Q-switched solid state laser with precisely controllable firing time was realized, developed and reported previously, in which the oscillator can output energy of near 100 mJ and the master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) reaches the output energy of 300 mJ, operating at a wavelength of 1064 nm, with a pulse width of 10 ns and in near single transversal mode. Comparing two existing commercial techniques, ramp-and-fire and pulse-to-pulse buildup time reduction, this report presents a full understanding of using a CW transformed injection seeding method in which this technique is immune to mechanical vibration or thermal expansion, and it is able to precisely control the high peak energy launching time within a nanosecond jitter and achieve single frequency operation at the same time. It is carefully observed that the CW seeding mechanism is similar but not equivalent to a pulsed seeding with pulse width shorter or equal to the ring cavity length. The advantage of the realized regime is that in stable laser operation there is no need to adjust the slave cavity length to match the seeded light longitudinal mode. Therefore, the extremely strict mechanical requirement can be relaxed. It is found that the slave laser frequency follows exactly to the injected seeded laser’s frequency which can also provide frequency tuning, control and locking.
Systems that attempt to image or project optical energy or information through a turbulent atmosphere are limited by
aberrating, refractive index variations. The processes can be improved in a variety of ways if the complex wave function
of the aberrated wave can be recorded, reconstructed and analyzed at a sufficient speed. This paper describes application
of digital holography for recording, reconstructing, and processing complex wave functions to complement methods such
as adaptive optics and lucky imaging. Having the complex waveform provides all of the information required by
adaptive optical procedures and also enables improved image processing that is not applicable to real images. Unlike
intensity averaging, when complex wave functions are averaged, the random fluctuations in the phase cancel since phase
terms include both positive and negative values. In this paper we describe the application of digital holography for
recording, reconstructing, and processing complex wave functions of atmospherically aberrated wave functions and
report demonstrations in correcting for atmospheric turbulence.
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) is a nonlinear optical effect that is broadly used for correcting the beam quality of
laser beams, their mode control, amplification and phase conjugation. Two factors are essential when it comes to
selection of the nonlinear medium for SBS, its efficiency or gain coefficient and safety. For example, a low SBS gain
coefficient in the fluorocarbon liquid C8F18 is at least one order of magnitude lower than other nonlinear media, typically
limits its application in high-power laser systems. However, highly purified C8F18 is a very safe and stable nonlinear medium, and in combination with its high optical breakdown threshold, has become attractive for many practical
applications. This paper discusses a phase conjugate mirror (PCM) using the SBS effect in C8F18. A PCM reflectivity of better than 90% has been achieved in an optimized experimental geometry of the incoming beam. The output energy of
the phase conjugated pulse linearly increased with the energy of the input pulse beyond a threshold level of about 3.3
mJ. The estimated slope efficiency is about 95%.
For weak signal amplification, we have realized greater than 105 amplification with Brillouin enhanced four wave
mixing (BEFWM) with an input signal at the level of several nJs. A reflected energy as high as 11 mJ has been achieved
with a 400 μJ incoming input signal. Further lowering of the signal energy should result in a higher amplification.
Adaptive optics (AO) systems are used to compensate atmospheric perturbations on a propagating laser beam. However,
AO needs a beacon to obtain the phase information. This paper presents a possible formation of beacon in target-in-theloop
(TIL) geometry which is analog to a laser cavity. The TIL laser cavity is formed with a high reflectivity mirror on
one end and an optical phase conjugate mirror as the second mirror. The TIL laser is initialized by a single frequency 10
ns Q-switched laser pulse. This is very similar to how an injection seeding or regenerative amplifier scheme starts a laser
oscillation. With a cavity length of around 11 meters and an initial laser pulse of 10 ns, we have been able to isolate laser
field images related to each round-trip pulse. Furthermore, by replacing the first mirror with a rough-surface target to
simulate an uncooperative target and adding phase distortion elements to simulate atmospheric effects, we can observe
the image status under such conditions.
In this report, we present results of dynamic laser oscillation over a 10 km distance using a coupled-cavity structure
assisted by four wave mixing (FWM). The system consists of a master cavity and a slave cavity that are coupled together
through FWM in a nonlinear medium. The master and slave laser beams each form two arms of the four wave mixing
structure. The master laser consists of a cavity formed by two highly reflective mirrors, in which there is a gain medium
and the FWM nonlinear medium. For the slave laser cavity, one of the end mirrors is the grating formed inside the FWM
medium, and the other mirror is the remote moving target. In this case, this target is a retro-reflector located on a moving
airplane. The laser tracking was completed with a rotating gimbal mirror system that locked on the target. Successful
lasing field tests at distances over 10 km have been achieved, and further results can potentially be obtained at longer
distances. The laser oscillations are free running with a pump pulse width of 2-5 milliseconds. Based on the time
separations between the pulses from the master and slave cavities, the target distance can be precisely calculated.
A mode-locked laser system achieves average output power of more than 18 watts, in a single transversal mode, with a
pump power of 70 watts. The optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 25%. The output wavelength is 1053 nm
and the mode locked frequency is 150 MHz; the pulse width is less than 80 ps. The peak power reaches kilowatts per
pulse. The wavelength can be converted into 527nm and 351 nm with a nonlinear conversion.
A single frequency Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with precisely controllable firing time was realized by using a single
gated Pockels cell. We have devised a setup of injecting seeding in that a CW seeded laser radiation entrapped inside
the ring cavity function as a pulse seeding for the slave laser. A pulse seeding instead of CW seeding can avoid the
cavity length scanning to realize stable seeding. This seeding process is completed before Pockels cell opening edge in
which the entrapped seed in the slave cavity initialize the starting of slave lasing once the ring cavity is closed. In this
design, we use only one adjustable gated Pockels cell to realize these two functions, (1) at the opening edge, close the
slave cavity and start the laser oscillation, and (2) at the falling edge, dump the cavity when the lasing pulse energy
optimizes. Because the Q-switch firing time is precisely controlled by the Pockels cell's timing, thus it can be precisely
controlled. The advantage of the realized regime is in stable laser operation with no need in adjustment of the mode of
the cavity to the seeded wavelength. In experiments, we found that the frequency of the Q-switched laser radiation
matches well to the injected seeded laser mode. With slave oscillator, the output pulse energy can be above 80 mJ to
close 100 mJ depending on the operating condition and pulse width is about 10 ns.
We report an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) system operating at 1574 nm using KTP crystals, with output peak
power of more than 5 megawatts, output pulse energy of up to 30 mJ per pulse, and pulse width of less than 6
nanoseconds at full width half maximum (FWHM). The OPO was pumped by a diode pumped Nd:YAG Q-switched
laser, with pump energy of about 95 mJ and pulse width of approximately 7 ns. The conversion efficiency from 1064 nm
Nd:YAG laser to OPO output at 1574 nm is more than 30%. The complete Nd:YAG / OPO system, compactly packed
inside a case with foot print measuring 15" × 9" × 5.3", was tested over an operating temperature range of -20 °C to +35
°C and a storage temperature range of -40 °C to +50 °C without significant power or performance variations.
In this paper we report the results of the analysis and experimental modeling of the target-in-the-loop (TIL) approach
that is used to form a localized beacon for a laser beam propagating through turbulent atmosphere. The analogy between
the TIL system and the laser cavity has been used here to simulate the process shaping the laser beacon on a remote
image-resolved target with rough surface. The TIL breadboard was integrated and used for laboratory modeling of the
proposed approach. This breadboard allowed to simulate the TIL arrangement with a rough-surface target and laser beam
propagation through the turbulent atmospheric layer. Here we present the initial results of the performed studies.
A model describing laser microhole drilling processes in polymers has been developed, which can predict the drilling
profiles of the microholes for several kinds of specific incident beam profiles. The report tries to answer how the peak
fluence, the beam diameter (or beam shape), and the material parameters affect the hole shapes. The model not only
provides the drilling hole profiles but also explains why hole drilling stops under certain circumstances, such as a
stabilized or saturated drilling occurs, under this condition more shots applied to the process will not generate any further
drilling effect. Thus high efficient laser processing can be predicted from the model, i.e. what are the best laser
parameters for certain processed materials including material thickness. This model is suitable for most well defined
beams and materials such as polymers, polyimide, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET),
fiber reinforced composites or CFC, glass fiber composites, and some ceramics.
This paper mainly concentrates on the modeling, while the comparison of the modeling and the experimental data will be
discussed in the other paper to be published in the same volume of SPIE.
A model describing laser microhole drilling processes in polymers has been developed, which can predict the drilling profiles
of the microholes for several kinds of specific incident beam profiles. The report tries to answer how the peak fluence, the
beam diameter (or beam shape), and the material parameters affect the hole shapes. The model not only provides the drilling
hole profiles but also explains why hole drilling stops under certain circumstances, such as a stabilized or saturated drilling
occurs, under this condition more shots applied to the process will not generate any further drilling effect. Thus high efficient
laser processing can be predicted from the model, i.e. what are the best laser parameters for certain processed materials
including material thickness. This model is suitable for most well defined beams and materials such as polymers, polyimide,
polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), fiber reinforced composites or CFC, glass fiber
composites, and some ceramics. This report mainly concentrates on the comparison of the modeling and the experimental
data, it is found that both match extremely well.
We report the operation of an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) at 1574 nm using KTP, with output peak power of
more than 5 megawatts, output pulse energy of up to 30 mJ per pulse, pulse width of less than 6 nanoseconds at full
width half maximum (FWHM) and operating frequency of 30 Hz. The OPO was pumped by a diode pumped Nd:YAG
Q-switched laser, with pump energy of about 95 mJ and pulse width of approximately 7 ns. The conversion efficiency
from 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser to OPO output at 1574 nm is more than 30%. The whole system including the Nd:YAG
laser was compactly packed inside a case measuring 15" x 9" x 5.3". The complete OPO system was tested over an
operating temperature range of -20 °C to +35 °C and a storage temperature range of -40 °C to +50 °C without significant
power or performance variations, which makes it suitable for field operation.
Although the gain coefficient of the Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) of the fluorocarbon liquid C8F18 is
substantially lower than for other nonlinear media, it is an attractive medium since its highly purified version has a high
optical breakdown threshold, and it is stable and very safe to operate. We have utilized it as a phase conjugate mirror
(PCM) and the PCM reflectivity better than 90% has been achieved at optimized focusing conditions of an incoming
beam. The output energy of the phase conjugated pulse linearly followed the input pulse energy after reaching the
threshold level at about 3.3 mJ. The slope efficiency was estimated about 95% without taking into account components'
losses. Brillouin amplification through SBS has been realized in highly purified fluorocarbon liquid C8F18. This report
discusses the design and results of performed experimental studies of the SBS in C8F18 demonstrating the amplification
of a week signal beam (37 nJ) reaching up to 105 or 50 dB.
We have realized a single frequency Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with precisely controllable lasing time and thus enabled
synchronization of multi-laser systems. The use of injection seeding to the slave ring oscillator results in unidirectional
Q-switched laser oscillation with suppression of bidirectional Q-switched oscillation that otherwise would be initiated
from spontaneous emission if the seeding laser is not present. Under normal condition, the cavity is high in loss during
the pumping period; then a Pockels cell opens the cavity to form the pulse build up, with a second Pockels cell to
perform cavity dumping, generating the Q-switched pulse output with optimized characteristics. The two Pockels cells
can be replaced by a single unit if an adjustable gated electrical pulse is applied to the Pockels cell in which the pulse
front is used to open the cavity and the falling edge to dump the laser pulse. Proper selection of the pump parameters and
Pockels-cell gating enables operation of the system in a mode in which the Q-switched pulse can be formed only under
the seeding condition. The advantage of the realized regime is in stable laser operation with no need in adjustment of the
seeded light wavelength and the mode of the cavity. It is found that the frequency of the Q-switched laser radiation
matches well to the injected seeded laser mode. By using two-stage amplifiers, an output energy better than 300 mJ has
been achieved in MOPA configuration without active control of the cavity length and with pulse width adjustability from
several nanoseconds to 20 ns. The Q-switched oscillator operates not only at precisely controlled firing time but also can
be tuned over wide range. This will enable multi-laser systems synchronization and frequency locking down each other
if necessary.
This paper discusses the realization of an injection-seeded single frequency Q-switched Nd:YAG ring laser
with pulse width adjustability from several nanoseconds to 20 ns and an output energy in excess of 100
mJ from a ring cavity slave oscillator. In the cavity configuration under study, the slave ring oscillator was
injected by a pulse formed from a CW single frequency non-planar ring oscillator (NPRO) Nd:YAG laser
with a Pockels cell modulator. The injected pulse duration is slightly shorter than the emission round trip
time inside the slave laser cavity. The use of this injection seeding results in unidirectional Q-switched laser
oscillation with suppression of bidirectional Q-switched oscillation that otherwise may be initiated from
spontaneous emission. The advantage of these regime is in stable laser operation with no need in
adjustment of the seeded light wavelength and the mode of the cavity because there are never two waves of
the same polarization existing inside the cavity at the same location and the same time. The cavity contains
two Pockels-cells, in which the first cell serves to open the oscillator cavity and the second one performs
cavity dumping, generating a pulse with optimized characteristics and enables variation of the duration of
the Q-switched output pulse. Proper selection of the pump parameters and Pockels-cell gating enables
further operation of the system in a mode when the Q-switched pulse can be formed only under the seeding
conditions. It is found that the wavelength of the Q-switched laser radiation matches well to the injected
seed NPRO laser longitudinal mode. By using two-stage amplifiers, an output energy better than 300 mJ
has been achieved in a MOPA configuration without active control of the cavity.
This paper reports studies of the performance of a phase-conjugate mirror (PCM) with its operation based
on the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) of the focused laser beam in ultra-pure fluorocarbon FC-75
(C8F18). A pulsed laser with 15-ns pulse width from a home-made injection seeded single frequency MOPA
configuration Nd:YAG laser with variable output energy (from several mJ to 300 mJ) was used as a
coherent light source in these experiments. The PCM reflectivity better than 90% has been achieved at
optimized focusing conditions of an incoming beam, and the output energy of the phase conjugate pulse
linearly followed the input pulse energy after reaching the threshold level of about 3.3 mJ. The slope
efficiency was estimated to be approximately 95% without taking into account of losses in some optical
components, including the thin film polarizer. We believe that a higher level of PCM efficiency can be
achieved with more careful selection of the critical optical components, including the thin film polarizer,
quarter-wave plate and focusing lens.
Experiments were carried out in order to investigate Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) in germanium-doped optical
glass fibers, relying on a mode-locked Q-switched neodymium yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser with high peak
power intensity. The preparation or writing conditions for optical fibers were investigated. SHG was observed
successfully under a synchronous pump of the fundamental infrared and seeding green lights, with a maximum of 82
μW from second harmonic generation being observed in the optical fiber from a 60 mW input, corresponding to a
conversion efficiency of 0.14%. The pump laser used in the experiments was a Nd:YAG laser, operated Q-switched and
mode-locked at 1064 nm. The laser delivered approximately 100 ps mode-locked pulses at a 75.6 MHz repetition rate,
modulated by a 2 kHz frequency Q-switched pulse envelope of 260 nanoseconds' duration (Full Width Half Maximum
or FWHM).
Pumped by a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm and its frequency-doubled 532 nm, a maximum energy of 2.5 mJ
and a tuning range of 1206-1315 nm were obtained experimentally for a forsterite laser at room temperature. A theoretical
analysis and calculation including the tunable and output characteristics of this chromium-doped forsterite laser is presented in
this paper.
Practical implementation of the adaptive optic technique to mitigate the negative effects of the atmospheric turbulence
on the propagating laser beam requires a minimal size (point-wise) beacon on the target. Existing methods to address this
challenging problem apply sequential iteration cycles and wavefront control with adaptive optics mirror. However a
large number of iteration cycles may require a time substantially longer than the frozen time of the atmosphere,
especially in presence of the aero-optic effects.
This report examines an alternative solution to this problem. Generation of the laser hot spot on the image-resolved
diffused target can be achieved by using a phase conjugation scheme and realization of an open cavity with the target
serving as one of its couplers. We have demonstrated that controlling the beam structure in the target image plane of the
laser transmitter enables formation of the localized beacon on the target. As a result, the number of iterations required for
an effective system operation can be significantly reduced, making its operation cycle much shorter than frozen time.
This paper discusses a novel approach in a seeded Q-switched laser capable in oscillating with no mutual adjustment
between cavity resonances and seed emission frequency. The oscillation pulse of such a laser is easy to time-synchronize
to external processes. Oscillation of an injection seeded Q-switched Nd:YAG laser module is demonstrated that can laser
the pulses from several nsec to about 20 nsec long with the energy level higher than 100 mJ from the slave oscillator and
in excess of 200 mJ after a single stage amplification.
A theoretical model describing laser microhole drilling processes in fiber reinforced composites (FRC) has been developed, which can predict the profiles of the microholes for certain incident beam profiles in space. This paper presents the comparison of the calculations and experimental results.
The VSX is essentially a miniature discharge capable of emitting soft X-ray radiation. Because the radiation is emitted in small dose in each spark, it is necessary to repeat the phenomenon at high frequency in order to achieve the industrial throughput requirement. Relying on a X-ray collimator (either nested cones or capillary), the point radiation source can deliver a high quality beam suitable for microlithography. Current study shows that the X-ray energy per pulse can be 113 (mu) J or higher with a pulse width (FWHM) of less than 50 ns. A 30 kHz operation in burst mode has been realized. The optimum conditions of the VSX operation have been carefully studied and are reported here. The lifetime can be as high as tens of hours in the low frequency operation or 100 million shots and this figure can be greatly improved. Pinhole camera images show that the source size is less than 1 mm. The throughput of exposing 1 field per hour or more is readily achievable with current parameters and can be greatly improved with the higher operating frequency. The Spherical Pinch is a modified (theta) -pinch with high efficiency in the EUV region of spectrum. Working with different gases, the SPX machine (up to 33 kJ input energy) is optimized for EUV emission and can be fitted in an advanced EUV lithography system. The point source requirements are indeed met by the SPX for such system.
In this paper, we not only present a new method to model the drilling hole profiles but also explain why hole drilling will stop under certain circumstances in the low fluence regime for polymers and fiber reinforced composites. The model explains tapered wall formation and stabilized drilling, form which, high efficient laser drilling and cutting can be predicted in low fluence regimes. This new model is suitable for most well defined beams and materials such as polymers, fiber CDC, glass fiber composites and some ceramics, however, in this paper, the model does not address the case of beam intensity changing along the propagation direction.
Laser induced ablation of materials has became an extremely important area of research and application. The laser sources for ablation cover the wavelengths from ultraviolet (most are excimer lasers), visible (copper vapor lasers, argon ion lasers) to the infrared (Nd:YAG lasers, CO2 lasers). The laser material processing technique is intensely used in both the electronic and aerospace industries. In this paper, a new theoretical model describing laser microhole drilling processes in carbon fiber composites (CFC) has been developed, which can predict the profiles ofthe microholes for certain incident beam profiles. The calculated results for several specific incident beams will be presented in this paper. We show how the peak fluence, the beam diameter, and the material parameters (absorption coefficient, threshold ablation fluence) affect the hole
shapes. Although the model is specific to CFC, it can be applied to any other laser micromachining process for materials such as polyimide, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) etc. We not only present a new method to model the drilling hole profiles but also explain why hole drilling will stop under
certain circumstances in the low fluence regime for polymers and fiber reinforced composites. The model explains tapered wall formation and stabilized drilling, from which, high efficient laser drilling and cutting can be predicted in low fluence regimes. This new model is suitable for most well defined beams and materials such as polymers, fiber CFC, glass fiber composites and some ceramics.
The technology of x-ray/EUV point plasma sources is competing with the multiple beam synchrotrons as radiation sources for submicron lithography. The company ALFT has been doing research and development on two plasma point sources for several years now. They are the vacuum spark (VSX) and spherical pinch (SPX) technologies. Both have a long history of previous research to support the contention that are well qualified to be converted into technological tools for the manufacturing of the next generation of IC chips. The VSX is essentially a miniature discharge capable of emitting soft x-ray radiation. Because the plasma emits a small dose of x- ray in each spark, it is necessary to repeat the phenomenon at high frequency in order to meet the requirement for microlithography. The SPX is mainly a strong source of EUV/X-ray radiation that operates at a frequency of one hertz or more.
A new theoretical model describing laser hole drilling processes for polymers and fiber reinforced composites has been developed. The model can explain the tapered wall formation and the stabilized hole formation. This model can predict the hole shapes for certain incident beam profiles. We present two specific incident beam shapes, one for a Gaussian incident beam, and the other for an isosceles trapezoid shape beam. For the Gaussian incident beam, we show how the peak fluence, the beam diameter, and the material parameters (absorption coefficient, threshold ablation fluence) affect the hole shapes. For the trapezoid shape beam, we show how the flat top of the beam, the side slope wings, the peak fluence, the threshold fluence and the absorption coefficient affect the hole shapes.
Operation of the Q-switching of a Nd:YAG laser at 1.06 micrometers and for the tunable color- center laser over 1.1 - 1.26 micrometers has been obtained by using a LiF:F2 color center crystal both as the Q-switch for the Nd:YAG laser and the active medium for the color-center laser. The interactive affection of the two lasers has been analyzed and calculated with the rate equation. We found the pulse duration of the YAG laser to be compressed, while the pulse duration of the color-center laser widened and its power improved significantly in this condition.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.