A spatial light dispersion-based spectrometer is experimentally demonstrated for broadband gas absorption spectroscopy with time resolving capability. A diffraction grating combining with a plane-array camera serves as the spatial dispersion system operated in the near-infrared (NIR) waveband. Spectrum with a bandwidth of 40 nm can be acquired via a single exposure of the camera running in the line mode with 640 ×4 pixels. With the data stream transmitted to the computer and stored in real time, the time resolution for continuous spectrum measurement reaches 200 μs, which is validated by monitoring the spectral evolution of a broadband amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) under impulsive intensity modulation. Adopting the ASE light source and a multi-pass gas cell, carbon monoxide (CO) absorption is spectrally characterized with a 16-nm bandwidth, and the gas concentration retrieval based on the entire obtained absorption spectrum is performed, in which an averaged mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 5.6% is achieved.
A wavelength scanning scheme enabled by phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating (PS-FBG) is proposed for gas absorption spectroscopy based on optical frequency comb (OFC). The PS-FBG works as an ultra-narrow bandpass optical filter to generate the gas sensing laser probe. To obtain the gas absorption signal, the electronical frequency beating and lock-in amplification are successively performed with the continuous tuning of the PS-FBG by using a piezo transducer (PZT). The intermediate beat note is monitored in real time for lock-in frequency compensation against the repetition frequency drift of the OFC. A carbon monoxide (CO) sensing system in direct absorption spectroscopy (DAS) configuration is developed based on a free-running fiber laser frequency comb. A triangular-wave PZT driving signal of 5 Hz is used for periodical spectrum scanning. At an intermediate beat note of ~ 50 kHz, the DAS signal is obtained with a lock-in constant of 200 μs. The CO detection limit of 0.356% for an integration time of 0.4 s and the minimum detectable absorbance of ~ 0.0021 are achieved, which indicate a better sensitivity performance.
An optical gas sensing method without absorption spectrum scanning is proposed based on optical frequency comb (OFC). The light emission of OFC goes through a narrow-band-pass optical filter to target a molecular absorption line, and intensity of the transmitted laser pulse through the gas medium is measured for absorbance detection. For measurement of this high-speed pulse, a two-stage frequency down-conversion scheme including electronical frequency beating and lockin amplification is employed. A dual-channel optical path with light-gas interaction cell and reference light channel is configured for normalization of the light signal to suppress the intensity noise. Meanwhile, the beat frequency of the reference light channel is tracked and fed to the lock-in amplifier as a real-time frequency compensation, to further stabilize the sensing system. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is chosen as the gas under test by filtering the output spectrum of a fiber laser frequency comb at ~ 1572.33 nm with a bandwidth of 0.1 nm. The high repetition frequency of ~ 41 MHz is downconverted to ~ 50kHz and the generated beat note is then lock-in amplified to calculate the CO2 concentration. After calibration within the concentration range of 0% - 30%, stability of the system is evaluated. According to an Allan deviation analysis based on a long-term zero-gas measurement, the minimum detectable absorbance is ~ 0.0031 for an integration time of 0.1 s. Then a repeatability test indicates a high detection linearity of 0.99953.
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