Over past three decades ultrafast lasers have come a long way from the bulky, demanding and very sensitive scientific research projects to widely available commercial products. For the majority of this period the titanium-sapphire-based ultrafast systems were the workhorse for scientific and emerging industrial and biomedical applications. However the complexity and intrinsic bulkiness of solid state lasers have prevented even larger penetration into wider array of practical applications. With emergence of femtosecond fiber lasers, based primarily on Er-doped and Yb-doped fibers that provide compact, inexpensive and dependable fs and ps pulses, new practical applications have become a reality. The overview of current state of the art ultrafast fiber sources, their basic principles and most prominent applications will be presented, including micromachining and biomedical implementations (ophthalmology) on one end of the pulse energy spectrum and 3D lithography and THz applications on the other.
Mid- infrared ultrafast pulses are of interest in different applications ranging from vibrational spectroscopy, strong field physics (stable CEP) to detection of trace quantities of compounds. The traditional approach uses solid state lasers, i.e. mature but sensitive technology that is restricted to laboratory use due to its complexity. In real-world applications, ultrashort fiber lasers offer a more rugged, portable and scalable platform for the generation of tunable, brilliant mid-IR femtosecond pulses. This paper will cover approaches for the generation of high-intensity femtosecond pulses in the mid-IR region by means of DFG. The DFG technique also opens up new avenues for frequency comb applications and tunable absolute optical frequency sources. It can be used to set up intrinsically phase stable amplified laser systems as well. The power scalability of lasers with doped Thulium fibers made it possible to generate supercontinua in the mid-IR. Our mid-IR sources along with the availability of high power fiber optics, double clad doped gain fibers and LMA fibers for the 2μm and 1μm region enables "all fiber" compact and robust sources that can be man-portable.
The response of atoms and molecules to intense 1013 — 1015 W/cm2 lasers was investigated using two-dimensional (time-frequency) four-wave mixing. The data reveal a transition from a molecular response to a purely electronic (plasma) response.
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