We consider the specification of hard x-ray monochromator crystals for both high-efficiency and diffraction-limited optical performance in the new era of ultra-high-brightness x-ray light sources. Within a double-crystal monochromator, thermal distortions resulting from intense beams can significantly affect the wavefront quality and reduce the total transmitted power. In two case studies, we model the performance of a water-cooled and a cryogenically-cooled monochromator on a working protein crystallography beamline at the Advanced Light Source. The cryo-cooling model appears capable of exceeding diffraction-limited performance specifications while preserving over 99% of the optimal transmitted power. The water-cooled system may perform well for beamlines that are not brightness-limited but does not come close to achieving this high-performance goal.
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