KEYWORDS: Space operations, Telecommunications, Solar sails, Sun, Ultraviolet radiation, Spatial resolution, Thin film solar cells, Reflectivity, Visible radiation, Satellites
The pole-sitter concept is a solution to the poor temporal resolution of polar observations from highly inclined, low Earth orbits and the poor high latitude coverage from geostationary orbit. It considers a spacecraft that is continuously above either the North or South Pole and, as such, can provide real-time, continuous and hemispheric coverage of the polar regions. Despite the significant distance from the Earth, the utility of this platform for Earth observation and telecommunications is clear, and applications include polar weather forecasting and atmospheric science, glaciology and ice pack monitoring, ultraviolet imaging for aurora studies, continuous telecommunication links with polar regions, arctic ship routing and support for future high latitude oil and gas exploration. The paper presents a full mission design, including launch (Ariane 5 and Soyuz vehicles), for two propulsion options (a near-term solar electric propulsion (SEP) system and a more advanced combination of a solar sail with an SEP system). An optional transfer from the North Pole to South Pole and vice-versa allows viewing of both poles in summer. The paper furthermore focuses on payloads that could be used in such a mission concept. In particular, by using instruments designed for past deep space missions (DSCOVR), it is estimated that resolutions up to about 20 km/pixel in the visible wavelengths can be obtained. The mass of these instruments is well within the capabilities of the pole-sitter design, allowing an SEP-only mission lifetime of about 4 years, while the SEP/sail propulsion technology enables missions of up to 7 years.
Moon4You is a project led by the Dutch Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, with partners from industry
and universities in the Netherlands that aims to provide a combined Raman / LIBS instrument as scientific payload for
lunar exploration missions. It is the first time that Raman spectroscopy and LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown
Spectroscopy) are combined into one miniaturised instrument with minimum mass, volume and use of resources and can
deliver data-products almost instantly. These characteristics make it the next-generation instrument for mineralogical and
elemental (atomic) characterisation of lunar soil and rock samples, as well as for a host of other planetary exploration
and terrestrial applications.
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