Atmospheric monitoring of methane shows that CH4 concentration growth since 2007 is accompanied by C13/C12 isotopic delta ratio shift to more negative values due to 13CH4 content depletion. In the work, the atmospheric total column amount and vertical profiles of 13CH4 and 12CH4 are retrieved from the ground-based measurements of solar spectra in Kourovka observatory. The CH4 isotopologues ratio is calculated. The error of the isotopologues content retrieval is estimated for different spectral regions. On basis of the obtained results, optimal spectral windows were found.
Here we present some results of modified Levenberg-Marquardt method applicability for solving inverse problems of greenhouse gases remote sensing in Earth’s atmosphere. The computational experiments were performed to retrieve the vertical profile of the main methane isotopologue from the thermal IR synthetic spectra of IASI/MetOp spectrometer. The noise parameters were set equivalent to sensor characteristics. The optimal estimation method implemented in FIREARMS software was used for solving the inverse problem. The data of the retrospective climate analysis CAMS GHG Flux Inversions were used as an initial guess and a statistical set of profiles. The computational experiment showed convergence and accuracy of the proposed method, which, however, turned out to be more computationally expensive than Gauss-Newton method.
To validate the atmospheric general circulation models ECHAM5-wiso and ECHAM6-wiso, supplemented with isotopic modules, a simulation was performed in the nudging mode to known values of temperature, pressure, speed and wind direction obtained from a retrospective analysis. The simulation results were compared with the data on the isotopic composition (δHDO and δH218O) of water vapor and precipitation at the monitoring station in Labytnangi (66.660°N, 66.409°E).
The GOSAT-2 satellite was launched in August 2018 to continue the global greenhouse gas monitoring project. Here, using the original FIRE-ARMS software, we performed retrieval of the atmospheric main methane isotopologue dry air mole fraction (XCH4) from TANSO-FTS/GOSAT-2 satellite Fourier spectrometer spectra in thermal infrared range over the Kanto area, Japan (34.75-36.75N; 139-141E) in February-April 2019. The optimal estimation method was used to solve the inverse problem. The CAMS Near-Real-Time reanalysis data of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts was used as an initial guess.
In order to validate the isotopic models of the general circulation of the atmosphere ECHAM5-wiso and ECHAM6-wiso, modeling in nudging mode was made. These model data were compared with experimental data on the isotope composition (δHDO and δH218O) of precipitation for stations in the foothills of Altai mountains (52.596° N, 85.25° E) created and maintained by the Institute for Water and Environmental Problems SB RAS.
The relative 13С content in atmospheric carbon dioxide contains information about sources and sinks of this gas and their impact on Earth’s carbon cycle. This paper represents the study on feasibility of 13CO2 atmospheric vertical profile retrieval from satellite thermal infrared spectra measured with high spectral resolution. In IASI/METOP spectra, the spectral interval is determined, in which molecular absorption is mainly bound by the given isotopologue. A comparison was made of variations in the magnitude of spectral radiance due to variations in air temperature and in relative content of 13CO2 within the limits of known from studies on the direct measurement of the isotopic composition of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Prospects for building a robust algorithm is discussed.
The joint methane vertical profile retrieval from the thermal infrared (TIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) satellite spectra allows to improve the vertical resolution of the spectral data processing method. However, spectrometers with a dense spatial coverage such as IASI/METOP or AIRS/AQUA have only TIR spectrometers, which provide maximum sensitivity for methane content in the middle troposphere. On the other hand, TANSO-FTS/GOSAT is unique spectrometer with both ranges, but it has a rare spatial coverage. The paper describes the technology of using TANSOFTS measurements to constrain the inverse problem solution for vertical methane profile retrieval from multiple IASI spectra (1220-1310 cm-1 ) in the vicinity of a single TANSO-FTS measurement using the 5937-6110 cm-1 range.
In the current research we describe an attempt to retrieve the 13CO2/12CO2 isotopic ratio from high resolution ground-based FTIR measurements of atmospheric transmittance spectra recorded with the Bruker IFS 125HR instrument in Tsukuba, Japan. We discuss the retrieval approach, present the obtained results, that demonstrate a seasonal cycle with an amplitude not typical to atmospheric 13CO2/12CO2, and discuss major pitfalls of the retrieval.
In order to validate the isotopic model of the general circulation of the atmosphere ECHAM6-wiso, modeling in nudging mode with data from reanalysis ERA5 was made. These model data were compared with experimental data on the isotope composition (δHDO and δH2 18O) of water vapor in atmospheric air for stations in Labytnangi and in Igarka created and maintained by the Climate and Environment Physics Laboratory INS UrFU and on Samoylov island, supported by the Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics of SB RAS and the Alfred Wegener Institute (Germany), and with experimental data on the isotope composition of precipitation for the station in Labytnangi.
This paper analyses the feasibility of the remote sensing of the 13CO2/12CO2 isotopic ratio in the atmosphere using Thermal and Near-infrared Sensor for Carbon Observation-Fourier Transform Spectrometer/Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (TANSO-FTS/GOSAT) measurements in the near infrared spectral range. We propose a spectral window with distinct 13CO2 signatures and present retrieval error estimates for different sources of uncertainty such as: measurement noise, spectroscopy and a pirori profiles. We define main bottlenecks in the retrieval and discuss if such methods can be used to monitor local changes and detect global trends of the isotopic CO2 ratio in the atmosphere.
In order to validate the isotopic model of the general circulation of the atmosphere ECHAM5-wiso, a comparison of the model and experimental data on the isotope composition (δHDO and δH218O) of precipitation and water vapor in atmospheric air at the surface for three Arctic observation stations was made. Experimental data on the isotope composition of water vapor were obtained at climate monitoring stations created and maintained by the Climate and Environment Physics Laboratory INS UrFU in Labytnangi and in Igarka, as well as the station located on Samoylov island, supported by the Melnikov Permafrost Institute of SB RAS and the Helmholz centre for polar and marine research, the Alfred Wegener Institute (Germany)
The algorithm for atmospheric methane distribution retrieval in atmosphere from IASI spectra has been developed. The feasibility of Levenberg-Marquardt method for atmospheric methane total column amount retrieval from the spectra measured by IASI/METOP modified for the case of lack of a priori covariance matrices for methane vertical profiles is studied in this paper. Method and algorithm were implemented into software package together with iterative estimation of a posteriori covariance matrices and averaging kernels for each individual retrieval. This allows retrieval quality selection using the properties of both types of matrices. Methane (XCH4) retrieval by Levenberg-Marquardt method from IASI/METOP spectra is presented in this work. NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data provided by ESRL (NOAA, Boulder, USA) were taken as initial guess. Surface temperature, air temperature and humidity vertical profiles are retrieved before methane vertical profile retrieval. The data retrieved from ground-based measurements at the Ural Atmospheric Station and data of L2/IASI standard product were used for the verification of the method and results of methane retrieval from IASI/METOP spectra.
In this paper we present a method, using methane as example, which allows more accurate greenhouse gases retrieval in the Earth's atmosphere. Using the new version of the FIRE-ARMS software, supplemented with the VLIDORT vector radiation transfer model, we carried out joint methane retrieval from TIR (Thermal Infrared Range) and SWIR (ShortWavelength Infrared Range) GOSAT spectra using optimal estimation method. MACC reanalysis data from the European Center for Medium-Range Forecasts (ECMWF), supplemented by data from aircraft measurements of the HIPPO experiment were used as a statistical ensemble.
The algorithm for atmospheric methane distribution retrieval in atmosphere from IASI spectra has been developed. Wellknown Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is expanded for the case of absence of a priori statistics for methane vertical profiles. A modified technique for iterative calculation of averaging kernels and a posteriori errors for every spectrum is suggested. Levenberg-Marquardt method parameter selection for methane (XCH4) retrieval from IASI/METOP spectra is presented in this work. NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data provided by ESRL (NOAA, Boulder, USA) were taken as initial guess. Surface temperature, air temperature and humidity vertical profiles are retrieved before methane vertical profile retrieval. The data of Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate reanalysis of the European Centre for Medium- Range Weather Forecasts (МАСС/ECMWF) were used for the validation of the method and results of methane retrieval from IASI/METOP.
In this paper we used VLIDORT procedures as a forward model in FIRE-ARMS code for modeling the spectra and Jacobian calculation in both thermal infrared (TIR) and short wavelength infrared spectral bands (SWIR). Simulated spectra are compared with spectra measured under clear sky conditions over Western Siberia by the Fourier spectrometer TANSO-FTS, on board of the GOSAT satellite. With the new software, operating simultaneously in both bands, Jacobians were calculated in order to retrieve vertical profiles of carbon dioxide and methane in TIR and SWIR. Data from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis were used as initial guess model atmosphere.
In this paper, we present results of precipitation (rain, snow) water stable isotope measurements, which were collected on two places. Measuring was made on laser spectroscopy analyzer PICARRO L2130-i equipped with liquid auto sampler. We describe method of sample collecting, preparing, measuring and continuing analysis of experimental data. Stored data include results of 177 samples measuring from Kourovka collected from November 2012 to March 2014 and 73 samples from Labytnangi collected from March 2013 to December 2013.
Dependences of monthly means of regional averages of model atmospheric parameters on initial and boundary condition remoteness in the past are the subject of the study. We used atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5-wiso for simulation of monthly means of regional averages of climate parameters for Yamal region and different periods of premodeling. Time interval was varied from several months to 12 years. We present dependences of model monthly means of regional averages of surface temperature, 2 m air temperature and humidity for December of 2000 on duration of premodeling. Comparison of these results with reanalysis data showed that best coincidence with true parameters could be reached if duration of pre-modelling is approximately 10 years.
An existing software package FIRE-ARMS (Fine InfraRed Explorer for Atmospheric Remote MeasurementS) was modified by embedding vector radiative transfer model VLIDORT. Thus the program tool includes both thermal (TIR) and near infrared (NIR) regions. We performed forward simulation of near infrared spectra on the top of the atmosphere for outgoing radiation accounting multiple scattering in cloudless atmosphere. Simulated spectra are compared with spectra measured by TANSO-FTS/GOSAT and OCO-2 in the condition of cloudless atmosphere over Western Siberia. NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data were used to complete model atmosphere.
Levenberg-Marquardt method parameter selection for methane vertical profile retrieval from IASI/METOP spectra is presented. A modified technique for iterative calculation of averaging kernels and a posteriori errors for every spectrum is suggested. Known from literature method is expanded for the case of absence of a priori statistics for methane vertical profiles. Software for massive processing of IASI spectra using is developed. Effect of LM parameter selection on averaging kernel norm and a posteriori errors is illustrated. NCEP reanalysis data provided by ESRL (NOAA, Boulder, USA) were taken as initial guess. Surface temperature, temperature and humidity vertical profiles are retrieved before methane vertical profile retrieval.
Here we present a Principal Components (PCs) method of retrieval of the HDO/H2O vertical profile using atmospheric
radiances observed from space by sensor like IMG as well as atmospheric transmittance spectra observed by ground
based FTIR. The method is based on the expansion of the retrieved profile on eigenvectors of covariance matrix of
model profiles extracted from the isotopic Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM). A priori information of
covariance matrix compensates partially the lack of information containing in weighting functions for HDO in lower
atmospheric layer (0-1 km) and layers above 10 km. Error estimation of the retrieval scheme was made using closed
model computations with synthetic spectra ofIMG and known sets of T, H20, HDO profiles and its value is within 8% -
70% for vertical profile and not greater than l8% for columnar value of HDO/H20 ratio. The method was applied to
IMG/ADEOS spectra measured over the ocean in clear sky conditions. Latitudinal distributions ofHDO/H20 profile and
columnar HDO/H20 ratio are retrieved over Pacific Ocean for the time interval from winter of 1996 to summer of 1997.
The retrieved HDO/H20 from IMG/ADEOS data and simulated with isotopic AGCM are in a good agreement.
FTIR is Poker Flat high resolution ground based Fourier transform spectrometer for up-looking observation of
atmosphere in the spectral range from 750-4300 cm-1 with resolution 0.0019 cm-1 and high signal to noise ratio. The
spectrometer is located at the Poker Flat Research Range (Altitude 0.61km; latitude 65.11N; longitude 147.42W) of the
Geophysical Institute at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Poker Flat FTS is operating from 1999, observation modes
are atmospheric emission and solar radiation absorption. The measured atmospheric traiismittances are supported by
sonde observations of T and water vapour profiles. The HDO/H20 PCs retrieval method was also adapted for using the
high spectral resolution atmospheric transmittances observed by FTIR. Linear regression of PCs of the HDO/H20
profiles was obtained in this case. Error estimation of the retrieval scheme was made using closed model computations
with synthetic spectra ofthe FTIR and known sets of T, H20, HDO profiles and its value is within 6% - 67% for vertical
profile but not greater than lO% for columnar value of HDO/H20 ratio. As an example, HDO/H20 vertical profiles were
retrieved using a few samples of FTIR spectra observed at the Poker Flat Research Range from 2000 to 2004 and
compared with isotope AGCM outputs for Alaska's atmosphere.
General regular methods of solution of ill-posed inverse problems and their application to geophysical sounding of Earth
interior were developing during long time at Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics of Ural Branch of RAS. In this
paper we apply the developed regular methods of solution of the inverse problems for retrieval of vertical temperature
profiles from high-resolution thermal emission spectra of atmosphere observed at nadir.
Synthetic spectra of sensor like 1MG have been used to test the methods in frame of computational experiments of
retrieval of vertical temperature profile. These synthetic spectra were simulated for clear sky weak aerosol atmosphere
with line-by-line forward model FIRE-ARMS then convoluted with 1MG instrumental line shape function, arid
equivalent nose of 1MG was added. In order to retrieve vertical temperature profile within 0-70 km, we used emission
spectra of atmosphere of CO2 band in the range of 680-830 cm-1. The computational experiments showed good
convergence of all methods started from different initial guess profiles to the target T-profile (known T-profile) with
average standard deviation in troposphere within 1K. Deviations of different methods are within 1.5 K.
The methods were also applied to temperature retrieval from real data of VIRTEM measurements when emission spectra
of the atmosphere were obtained simultaneously with measurements of temperature and humidity profiles over water
surface using airplane for elevations up to 8 km. It's shown that the regular methods of solution of inverse problem allow
retrieving temperature profile from down-looking high-resolution atmospheric emission spectra with acceptable
accuracy even if initial guess atmospheric states are quite far from the target T-profile.
Multilayer perceptron (MLP) as universal approximator may be used for fast retrieval of atmospheric parameters such as
vertical profiles of temperature, humidity and concentration of absorbing gases from high-resolution infrared spectra
measured by satellite sensors. On the one hand, the number of spectral channels even necessary for retrieval of particular
atmospheric parameter is very high, so practical use of MLP needs for effective compression of spectral data with
tolerable loss of accuracy. On the other hand, algorithm of error back propagation becomes more effective if the input
data vector contains uncorrelated values with zero means, their covariance are approximately equal, and information
content of training set is maximized. The modified method of principal components (or empirical orthogonal functions
expansion) satisfies to all above requirements. The MLP may be constructed using relevant truncated vectors of principal
components as input and output data. Such MLP has fewer dimensions (the number of input, output and hidden neurons)
and requires less time for training than MLP using the high-resolution spectrum as input vector and set of vertical
profiles of atmospheric parameters as output vector.
The developed technique was applied to AIRS observations to retrieve temperature, humidity and methane content. The
empirical orthogonal functions were obtained as eigenvectors of matrix G = Se-1/2SRSe-1/2, where SR is sample
covariance matrix built on real AIRS measurements over given region, and Se is error covariance matrix characterizing
the sensor. The set of measured and model profiles as well as surface temperature and pressure were used for
construction of empirical orthogonal functions to represent output data of MLP as truncated expansion. Error profiles
and examples of temperature and methane maps are presented.
The observed existence of soot particles at 20-25 km altitudes from aviation transport engines requires the analysis of
vertical transport mechanisms against gravity in thermally stable stratosphere. One of possible regular mechanisms can
be the radiometric photophoresis. The presented theory forecasts that for some types of soot aerosols the negative "solar"
photophoresis can result in levitation and in vertical lifting of particles against gravity in the upper troposphere - lower
stratosphere. Similar are the capabilities of "thermal" photophoresis (motion of particles in the field of outgoing thermal
radiation). The further development of theory requires the analysis of photophoretic motion for fractal aggregates. The
results of laboratory experiments demonstrating intensive photophoretic motion of soot aggregates in the field of laser
radiation are discussed. For the check of alternative hypothesis of gravito-photophoresis the gas-kinetic theory in the
free-molecular regime was developed. The analysis of results has shown that the given mechanism hardly is significant
for vertical particles transport on high altitudes, but its investigation is possible in model laboratory experiment. Among
regular and effective mechanisms it is necessary to note the vertical stratospheric wind. The direction and magnitude of
vertical wind from the UKMO model demonstrate the distinct latitude and seasonal dependences.
Free energy balance of the Earth is considered in this paper. To drive all meteorological and biotic processes and support own non-equilibrium stationary state the climate system consumes the net free energy, which is determined by difference between incoming free energy flux of solar radiation and total outgoing free energy flux of both reflected solar radiation and emitted to Space thermal radiation of the Earth-atmosphere system. The net free energy at the top of the
atmosphere is considered as primary resource of the Earth climate system. Monitoring of the primary resource of the Earth is very important for deeper understanding and prediction of the Global Change. Method for calculation of the free energy fluxes at the top of the atmosphere using spectrometry data (radiances) of the Earth's thermal emitted and reflected solar radiation in entire spectral region from microwave to ultra violet is developed in this paper. Conception of long-term global monitoring of the net free energy flux at the top of the atmosphere using high-resolution spectrometry from
Space is considered. Suitable set of sensors and scheme of observations to measure the planet radiances from Space for the monitoring are discussed.
A feedforward neural network has been developed for retrieval of the Deuterium to Hydrogen ratio (D/H) in atmospheric water vapour from high resolution atmospheric radiances observed from space. The learning and test sets for the neural network training were created by forward simulation of atmospheric emission spectra using FIRE - ARMS for a large set of given temperature, humidity and D/H vertical profiles. The D/H profiles were generated using output from an atmospheric GCM including isotope tracers. The developed neural network was applied for retrieval of total atmospheric column D/H from IMG/ADEOS data over the ocean. A latitudinal distribution of D/H was obtained. The results are in agreement with latitudinal distribution of D/H in the atmosphere obtained from the IMG/ADEOS data earlier by using conventional retrieval methodology. However, the neural network has better accuracy. The stability of the neural network retrieval scheme with di®erent noise levels of the sensor is investigated, and we discuss the possibility of applying the neural network technique to the retrieval of D/H vertical profiles from TES/AURA spectra.
To quantify carbon exchange fluxes in subarctic peatlands, new techniques and software for monitoring of methane using high-resolution emission spectra of atmosphere observed from Space have been developed. Neural network technique is promissing for nstantaneous retrieval of methane content in atmosphere from huge amount of data provided by AIRS/AQUA sensor. IMG/ADEOS data, FIRE-ARMS forward simulations and retrieval of methane profiles from IMG spectra on the base of constrained optimization were used for the purposes of validation of the neural network techniques applied to AIRS/AQUA data.
Preliminary maps of methane content in atmosphere of the permafrost boundary zone in Western Siberia are obtained from AIRS/AQUA data.
Methodology of the Deuterium/Hydrogen (D/H) ratio retrieval based on high-resolution infrared spectra observed by space sensors has been described. Simulated atmospheric radiance in the spectral range of 650-2500 cm-1 for the case of nadir observation from satellite with resolution of about 0.1 cm-1 is investigated aiming to find appropriate signals of isotopes of greenhouse gases. Signals corresponding to an atmospheric water vapor isotopomer, HDO, were selected. These signals were identified in Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse gases (IMG) spectra observed during Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) mission. The developed method includes the following stages: temperature profile retrieval with aerosol correction, H2O and HDO profiles and their column amounts retrieval, and D/H ratio determination. The method has been applied to the analysis of the IMG/ADEOS data identified as to be observed under clear sky conditions over an ocean area between 80S-80N and 130-170W to determining D/H column amount ratios. The latitudinal distribution of D/H ratio for a short period in December 1996 was obtained.
A basis set of algorithms for various tasks of greenhouse gases monitoring in the Earth's atmosphere has recently developed and built into first version of user-friendly software FIRE-ARMS. This software includes both algorithms for forward spectra simulation for the cases of up-looking and down-looking observations and algorithms for retrieval of pressure, temperature, atmospheric constituents concentrations profiles. Presented in this paper, study is devoted to subsequent development of combined techniques for the monitoring of greenhouse gases and further improvements of FIRE-ARMS as a useful tool for researchers working in the field of Global Change monitoring. All retrieval algorithms developed and built into the last version of FIRE-ARMS are presented. The technique of detection of spectral features belonging to isotopic species in radiance spectra of atmosphere is presented. This technique is illustrated by HDO/H2O ratio determination from IMG spectra.
Some developments that are planned to be included into an information system for atmospheric applications are considered. A fast algorithm to retrieve temperature, pressure, and mixing ration altitude profiles of the atmosphere composition from high-resolution spectra that are recorded by the interferometer of a new generation on the satellite platform is discussed. The algorithm is distinguished by the analytical computation of the derivatives, entered the inverse calculations, and by the regularization technique. Validating this code, the MITI's IMG data, recorded on board NASDA's ADEOS satellite, is used in order to retrieve a realistic temperature profile of the low atmosphere up to altitudes of 20 km.
Conditions of development of explosive resonance absorption of power radiation of technological CO2 laser in atmosphere have been obtained. Time evolution of vibrational temperature of carbon dioxide and translational temperature of atmosphere in the cross-section of Gauss beam have been calculated. Mechanism of explosive absorption of CO2 laser radiation by water vapor is discussed.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.