KEYWORDS: Antennas, Optimization (mathematics), Signal to noise ratio, Signal attenuation, Computer programming, Signal processing, Received signal strength, Power supplies
Massive MIMO and beamforming are primary technologies in 5G and beyond (B5G). The line-of-sight (LOS) beamforming technology form a beam path for a specific user to significantly compensates for the high attenuation of millimeter-wave (mmWave). This paper considers serving multicast users using beamforming based on the massive MIMO antenna array, aiming to optimize the beam utilization and maximize the successfully served users. In particular, we divide the massive MIMO antenna array into multiple smaller sub-arrays with different scales to form flexible beams with various beam widths and transmission coverage to serve unicast or multicast users based on needs. Regarding this, we propose an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) optimization model to minimize the power consumption of the entire antenna array while maximizing the number of successfully served users using beamforming multicast and/or unicast, subject to the constraints of power consumption and signal-to-interference-noise ratio (SINR). The proposed optimization model is numerically evaluated, and results show that significant power can be saved using multicast beamforming technology
To improve the reliability and scalability that are very important for large-scale all optical fiber sensor networks
(AOFSN), three-level hierarchical sensor network architectures are proposed. The first two levels consist of active
interrogation and RNs, respectively. The third level called sensor subnet (SSN) consists of passive FBGs and a few
switches. As AOFSN is mainly multiplexed by wired and passive FBGs, the routing algorithm for scanning sensors is
determined by the virtual topology of SSN due to the passivity. Therefore, the research concentrates on the construction
of SSN and aims at proposing regular and unicursal virtual topology to realize reliable and scalable routing schemes.
Two regular types of SSNs are proposed. Each type consists of several sensor cells (SC), square-based SC (SSC) or
pentagon-based SC (PSC) and is scaled several times from the SCs. The virtual topologies maintain the self-similar
square- or pentagon-like architecture so as to gain simple routing. Finally, the switch architecture of RN is proposed for
the reliability of the first two levels; and then, the reliability and scalability of SSN are discussed in view of how much
link failures can be tolerant, and how each SC is scaled to maintain the self-similarity, respectively.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.