We develop and characterize transgenic mouse models expressing ReaChR or NpHR specifically expressed in the heart tissue. Non-invasive pacing is achieved by shining red light from an LED array over a 10 mm diameter spot on the shaved mouse chest skin. We demonstrated that low power density (~1.2 mW/mm2) illumination is sufficient to induce tachycardia, bradycardia, and sustained arrhythmia, providing full control over the heart rhythm in live, anesthetized mice. This in vivo optogenetic pacing platform opens opportunities for future non-invasive studies on mammalian heart physiology, diseases, and therapies for arrhythmias without any surgical intervention.
Longitudinal imaging of live organisms is essential to life science research aiming to understand biological processes. Recently, the imaging system has been housed for longitudinal imaging by mounting the optical imaging system in an incubator, while facing the limitations of single-modality and low throughput. Here, we proposed the OCToScope, a multi-modal, high-throughput and compact platform that is compatible with commercial incubators. OCToScope incorporates Optical Coherence Tomography(OCT) to achieve non-invasive three-dimensional imaging, and fluorescent imaging that retrieves cell-specific information. OCToScope also supports automatic scanning of mass samples quantity with motorized x-y-z stage and perform high time-resolution imaging for long-term studies. we used OCToScope to provide a systematic and comprehensive characterization of human heart organoids for over 30 days without any interference.
We developed a three-dimensional motion tracking method based on circular scans with optical coherence tomography. For transverse motion, the detectable speed ranges from millimeters to centimeters per second, while for axial motion, it ranges from micrometers to millimeters per second for axial motion. This method provides fast and high-precision measurements of the sample motion in both magnitude and direction, which will provide active motion compensation via feedback control for in vivo microscopic and macroscopic imaging applications in the future.
Ovarian tissue cryopreservation is used to frozen preserve ovary tissue for reimplantation, potentially restoring a cancer patient’s fertility after chemo and/or radiation treatment. The selection of ovary tissue containing many primordial and secondary follicles for reimplantation increases the probability of pregnancy, but it is a challenging task. In this work, we used spectral-domain OCT to evaluate the feasibility of non-invasively characterizing the morphology of ovary follicle development and age-related modifications in mice. The measured dimension and agerelated number of follicles presented a good agreement with corresponding histological images, demonstrating the potential to use OCT to evaluate ovary tissue for reimplantation.
It is known that Nd:YAG laser radiation on dental structure can increase enamel resistance to demineralization; however, few studies report its impact in orthodontics. This study aimed to verify the interaction of Nd:YAG laser and aluminum oxide sandblasting (Al2O3) as preconditioning treatment of lingual brackets bonding to quantify the shear bond strength (SBS) and to characterize the enamel after different surface preconditioning techniques. Thirty-five bovines’ incisors were divided in 5 groups (n=7), according to the preconditioning. All groups had the lingual brackets bonded with Transbond XT adhesive according to manufacturer’ protocol, and shear bonded after 72h. Samples were analyzed by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Scanning Eletronic Microscope (SEM) to verify enamel alterations. Optical attenuation coefficient (α) was measured before any preconditioning (T0) and after preconditioning surface (T1) for each group. Statistics analysis ANOVA-test was used, followed by Post Hoc Tukey for shear bond strength data, and Kruskal Wallis and post hoc Dunn test for α data. SEM and OCT qualitative analysis showed the melting effect with laser irradiation and enamel crystal surface disorganization with sandblasting in T1 and after shear bond. All groups were adequate for SBS and the statistical differences (p=0.0034) among groups showed better results for groups with techniques association (laser and Al2O3 used in this or in reverse order) and the highest SBS when laser was used after. The Al2O3 removes part of melting effect. The α had statistical difference (p= 0.0124) among groups, increasing with laser and Al2O3 isolated and decrease with techniques association.
The backscattered light originated when machining with femtosecond laser pulses can be used to accurately measure the processed surface position through an interferometer, as recently demonstrated by our group, in a setup that uses the same laser beam for ablation and inspection. The present work explores the characteristics of the laser light reflected by the target and its interaction with the resulting plasma to better understand its propagation physics and to improve the dynamic focusing system. The origin of this returning radiation was studied and has been traced, mainly, from the peripheral area of the focal spot (doughnut-like). By means of a Mach-Zehnder setup, the interferometric pattern was measured and analyzed aiming to access the influences of the plasma on the laser beam properties, and therefore on the retrieved information. Finally, the wavefront of the laser that creates and propagates through the plasma was characterized using a Shack-Hartmann sensor.
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a technique capable to perform elemental analyses of a variety of samples, independent of matter state. Other spectroscopy techniques may require a destructive and time-consuming sample preparation. On the other hand, LIBS is a less destructive technique with no (or considerably less) sample preparation, using a relatively simple experimental setup. LIBS also provides a multielement analysis into one single spectrum acquisition, applying a Nd:YAG short-pulsed laser to ensure the stoichiometry between the sample and the generated plasma. LIBS have been applied on the study of carious lesions using a Nd:YAG into its fundamental emission at 1064 nm. It was shown that ratio of P/Ca and Zn/Ca can be used to monitor the cariogenic process. Another minor elements, e.g. C and Cu, associated with bacteria biofilm were also measured with the Nd:YAG laser. The fundamental wavelength emission (1064 nm) of Nd:YAG is coincident with a hydroxyapatite transmission window and it may affect the result. In order to address this issue a study used the second harmonic of the Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm. It was show that it is also possible perform LIBS on carious lesion using the Nd:YAG at 532 nm. However, there is not a work direct comparing the LIBS at 532 nm and 1064 nm for carious lesion detection. So, the aim of this work was to investigate the influence of laser wavelength on the LIBS performance for carious lesion detection. In both cases the carious lesion was detected with the advantage of no interference with hydroxyapatite at 532 nm.
The diagnosis of dental caries at an early stage enables the implementation of conservative treatments based
on dental preservation. Several diagnostic methods have been developed, like visual-tactile and radiographic
are the most commons but are limited for this application. The Optical Coherence Tomography is a technique
that provides information of optical properties of enamel, which may change due to the decay process. The
objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of OCT to detect different stages of demineralization of tooth
enamel during the development of artificial caries lesions, taking as a reference standard for comparison
sectional microhardness testing. Different stages of caries lesions were simulated using the pH cycling model
suggested Feathestone and modified by Argenta. The samples were exposed to 0 (control group), 5, 10, 15,
20 and 25 days at a daily regimen of three hours demineralization followed by remineralization during 20
hours. It was used an OCT system with at 930nm. Sectional images were generated in all lesion region. The
results obtained from the OCT technique presented similar behavior to microhardness, except for the group
25 days, due to inability to perform indentations reading in areas of more intense demineralization. A linear
relationship was observed between the OCT and microhardness techniques for detection of demineralization
in enamel. This relationship will allow the use of OCT technique in quantitative assessment of mineral loss
and for the evaluation of incipient caries lesions.
This paper presents a methodology for providing traceability to OCT measurements linked to Length SI unit.
The link to primary length standard is provided by an interference microscope (IM). The chosen transfer standard was a
step height gauge block. The results for IM and OCT showed good agreement for step height standards, such that the
OCT will be able to perform reliable measurements of complex surface topographies and to ensure traceability to the
length scale. The main uncertainty components were evaluated for the OCT system. In addition, OCT also was used for
measuring a surface roughness standard -a depth standard - in order to test this methodology for round groove profiles.
Results were found to be in good agreement with the calibration certificate.
The objective of this work was to develop a LIDAR-like equation model to analyze the measured Optical
coherence tomography (OCT) signal and determine the total extinction coefficient of a scattering sample.
OCT is an interferometric technique that explore sample backscattering feature to acquire in depth cross-section
images using a low coherence light source. Although, almost of the OCT applications are intended
to generate images for diagnostic, similar to histological images, but the backscattering signal carries much
more information. The backscattering problem is similar to those found on LIDAR (Light Detection And
Ranging) problem, this similar situation indicate a path that should be followed to solve the OCT problem.
To determine the total extinction coefficient three inversion methods was used: the slope, boundary point
and optical depth methods solutions. These algorithms were used to analyze the OCT signal of a single and
double layer dentist resin polymer. The total extinction coefficient variations along the optical path were
obtained in order to evaluate the potential of this technique to differentiate structures with different optical
properties. The sample optical characteristics extracted from OCT signal can be use as an additional
quantitative method to help clinical diagnoses when applied on biological tissues among others.
The present work developed a Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography system capable of perform
birrefringence images and also determine completely the Mueller Matrix of a sample, in depth. In this way many
measurements were needed to be done, with different combinations of polarization states of the incident beam on the
sample and the reference arm of the interferometer. After calibrating the system, a roll of adhesive tape was used as
sample for two main reasons: presents birrefringent and has a periodic structure. Firstly the system was set to gather
data about the horizontal polarization state and then vertical polarization state of light to construct a birrefringence
image. The birrefringence (δn) of ordinary adhesive tape was evaluated as 4.03(26)x10-4. Latter a system capable of
measure any polarization state was implemented and 16 scattering profiles for different polarizations were collected.
Software also was developed to solve a linear equations system. As a result a 4x4 matrix of images were calculated.
Some of the features, as birefringence were easily indentified in some elements of this matrix, others, more subtle,
can be founded in the literature. We also decomposed the matrix as linear combinations of other known optical
elements.
The reduction of pathogenic microorganisms in supragingival plaque is one of the principal factors in caries prevention
and control. A large number of microorganisms have been reported to be inactivated in vitro by photodynamic therapy
(PDT). The purpose of this study was to develop a rat model to investigate the effects of PDT on bacterial reduction in
induced dental caries. Twenty four rats were orally inoculated with Streptococcus mutans cells (ATCC 25175) for three
consecutive days. The animals were fed with a cariogenic diet and water with 10% of sucrose ad libitum, during all
experimental period. Caries lesion formation was confirmed by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) 5 days after the
beginning of the experiment. Then, the animals were randomly divided into two groups: Control Group: twelve animals
were untreated by either light or photosensitizer; and PDT Group: twelve animals were treated with 100μM of methylene
blue for 5min and irradiated by a Light Emitting Diode (LED) at λ = 640±30nm, fluence of 172J/cm2, output power of
240mW, and exposure time of 3min. Microbiological samples were collected before, immediately after, 3, 7 and 10 days
after treatment and the number of total microaerophiles was counted. OCT images showed areas of enamel
demineralization on rat molars. Microbiological analysis showed a significant bacterial reduction after PDT.
Furthermore, the number of total microaerophiles in PDT group remained lower than control group until 10 days posttreatment.
These findings suggest that PDT could be an alternative approach to reduce bacteria in dental caries.
This work presents a compositional characterization of 1939's Thousand "Réis" and 1945's One "Cruzeiro" Brazilian
coins, forged on aluminum bronze alloy.
The coins were irradiated by a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with 4 ns pulse width and energy of 25mJ emitting at 1064nm
reaching 3.1010Wcm-2 (assured condition for stoichiometric ablation), forming a plasma in a small fraction of the coin. Plasma emission was collected by an optical fiber system connected to an Echelle spectrometer. The capability of LIBS
to remove small fraction of material was exploited and the coins were analyzed ablating layer by layer from patina to the
bulk.
The experimental conditions to assure reproductivity were determined by evaluation of three plasma paramethers:
ionization temperature using Saha-Boltzmann plot, excitation temperature using Boltzmann plot, plasma density using
Saha-Boltzmann plot and Stark broadening.
The Calibration-Free LIBS technique was applied to both coins and the analytical determination of elemental
composition was employed. In order to confirm the Edict Law elemental composition the results were corroborated by
Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA). In both cases the results determined by CF-LIBS agreed to with the Edict Law and
NAA determination. Besides the major components for the bronze alloy some other impurities were observed.
Finally, in order to determine the coin damage made by the laser, the OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography) technique
was used. After tree pulses of laser 54μg of coin material were removed reaching 120μm in depth.
Measure roughness in some sort of samples can present several problems when it is done in traditional way (with
physical contact). For instance, soft samples will present at least two kinds of problem: (a) the value presented by the
equipment not represents the sample roughness; (b) the equipment can perform serious damages to the sample. Using a
commercial type OCT (Thorlabs Inc.) with 6μm axial resolution (in air) and 6μm lateral resolution, measurements of
roughness standards with Ra nominal values of 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.3, 12.5, 25.0 and 50.0 μm. A homemade software analysis
the OCT images, and automatically calculates the Ra and Rz values. This procedure was performed to validate this
methodology comparing the OCT and roughness standards values.
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