We present the capability of the holographic gratings implemented in photopolymerizable glasses to be applied in spatial
and spectral manipulation of femtosecond laser pulses. For this purpose we used volume phase holographic gratings
recorded by the interference of two monochromatic and coherent beams coming from a Nd-YAG continuous laser.
We carried out experiments to determine the main features of the diffracted beams originated by the interaction of
volume holographic phase grating structures with femtosecond pulses arising from the fundamental emission of an
amplified Ti: sapphire laser system and its second harmonic. Meanwhile we have performed experiments to determine
its damage threshold indicating that this material is an excellent candidate for intense-fields and ultrashort laser pulse
applications.
In this work we analyze the optical quality, performance, and recording mechanism of holographic diffraction gratings
recorded in photopolymerizable sol-gel glasses. These classes of holographic photomaterials have various compositions,
one of which incorporates a High Refractive Index Species (HRIS), already developed in our group GICO-UCM. The
new types of photopolymerizable glasses under study incorporate ionic liquid (IL). We present a comparative study,
showing distinctive behaviors for each photopolymerizable glass class, and determining particular features for various
ranges of applications.
We propose the use of polyvinyl alcohol photosensitized with copper chloride dihydrated CuCl2(2H2O) as a photosensitive material for recording holographic gratings. We obtained different dissolutions changing concentration of photosensitive agent and varying their pH factor, refraction index, and optical density for each sample. We registered diffraction gratings by holographic methods. The behaviors of diffraction efficiency parameters of holographic gratings regarding the concentration of a photosensitive agent were analyzed. We show there exists a correspondence between the diffraction efficiency parameter with concentration change of CuCl2(2H2O). The low toxicity of this holographic recording material as well as its peculiar behavior, photosensitivity, and ability to conduct electricity, makes it attractive for production diffractive optical elements with bio-polymers.
We present an overview of the main properties and the emerging implementations corresponding to a photopolymerizable glass modified with high refractive index species (HRIS) incorporated at molecular level. The study concerns to transmission and reflection holograms in Bragg and Raman-Nath regimens and polarization properties of
gratings with high spatial frequencies are also analyzed demonstrating a strong dependence of the refractive index
modulation with the polarization state of the reading beam. Not limited to the study of the optical properties of the
photopolymerizable glass we propose two applications of the holographic material. The first one is the fabrication of
polarizers elements with high performance at low cost such us holographic polarizers and holographic polarizers beam splitters. The second application concerns to the holographic recording of stables modes exhibiting high diffraction efficiency. Also, we have recently extended our studies to ultrashort pulse lasers in femtosecond regime. The photopolymerizable gratings are good candidates as optic elements to beam manipulation of ultrashort pulse lasers.
Volume holography is a research topic that was generated considerably a big interest of the storage information
during the last decades. The different systems of storage holographic are principally determined by the physic and
chemical characteristics of the storage material. We use an organic conductive material based on polyvinyl alcohol
(PVA) for the volume holographic storage. We presented some electro-optics results and physic - chemicals
properties of the material used for holographic storage.
The influences in the diffraction efficiency parameter as change different variables into material and the qualitative
results of other electro-optical parameters examined.
Polymer films mixed with metals salts are a novel organic material with applications in technology process for
optical information storages. In this work we show quantitatively some optical and electrical characteristics of a
composite organic conductive as holographic material. We show a material with the optical properties that depend
of physics and chemical changes, which we register, the process and manipulate adequately parameters to obtain
better results in the diffraction efficiency.
Experimental results to the saturation and diffraction efficiency from holographic gratings are presented in this investigation. The experiments were carried out during real time holographic gratings formation. Dichromated poly(vinyl alcohol) was doped with nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate and it is used like optical material. The influence of the hologram parameters to get the maximum diffraction efficiency is studied at room conditions. This study contributes to get more information about the behavior of this material for holographic gratings recording.
The photopolymers are very attractive materials for applications and as holographic storage, for theirs high
modulation and photosensitivity. We report the evolution of diffraction efficiency parameter from volume
holographic gratings recorder in PVA doped with CuCl2 (2H2O), which is the result of the physic-chemical changes
between the light and the material. The resultant variation of the grating diffraction efficiency parameter is examined.
Experimental techniques are described to register holograms in DC-PVA doped with organic
colorants. This material has excellent resolution and behavior to increase the photo sensibility. We report
some preliminary results.
The sugar matrix is used to record of phase holograms; it was modified with the purpose of obtaining a hydrophobic
material to improve the stability of the registered image and to stimulate the photosensitivity of the sugar. The new
material is formed by a sugar, pectin and vanillin dissolution. The diffraction efficiency parameter increases in
comparison with only the sugar matrix, obtaining already of 10%.
Holographic properties of dichromated gelatin (DCG) colored with triphenyl dyes (TDCG), were
studied. We described experimental techniques for its register of these holograms. This emulsion has
excellent resolution and behavior. That increase the photo sensibility respect to conventional DCG and is
easy to use.
Characterization of the organic conductive materials is studied by voltage application during holographic gratings
formation and when the exposure time of 900 seconds was reached. The behavior of the material is analyzed by
diffracted intensity and exposure energy. Diffraction efficiency parameter of holographic gratings were studied in an
organic conductive material like dichromated poly(vinyl alcohol) films doped with nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate. The
study includes a comparative analysis between the experimental results obtained.
The sugar cane crystals (sucrose) are used as matrix to obtain computer holograms. We made a sugar solution (sugar in
water) and it is irradiated with ultraviolet light, since the maximum absorption spectra is localized at UV region, to
wavelength 200 nm. This step also corresponds to sugar photopolymer process. It is recorded applying conventional
lithography technique and measures the parameter of diffraction efficiency. With the purpose to reduce the exposition
time at UV radiation of this emulsion, we made studies with artificial organic colorant with azo components.
We showing some properties using materials as dichromate polyvinyl alcohol (DC-PVA), it is doped with natural colorant, it were investigated and compared to the pure dichromated polyvinyl alcohol. The material increasing the sensibility, and present a good photo sensibility Preliminary studies shows, some properties with the ability to storage information, and present a technique to
obtain holograms with these colored materials, and some experimental results. The best advantage of this DYE-DC-PVA holograms is the speed of recording.
The electro-optical changes of holographic gratings were analyzed when hologram formation was carried out in
presence of applied voltage. Diffraction efficiency parameter of holographic gratings were studied in dichromated
poly(vinyl alcohol) films and dichromated poly(vinyl alcohol) doped with nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate. The electrical
changes of the materials were analyzed as a function of surface and volume resistivity.
This work presents experimental results of intensity changes by polarization conditions at the resultant diffraction
patters. The substrate used as retarder plate was a commercial transparency film for use with plain paper copier (3M-PP2900TM).
The conductive material composition was introduce to dichromated poly(vinyl alcohol) by adding a metallic
salt as nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate. Some electro-optical characteristics of organic conductive material that are used
in the holographic gratings storage specifically when applied voltage.
Experimental techniques are described for recording holograms in dichromate gelatin doped with an organic
dye. This material has excellent resolution, and increase the photo sensibility. We present some basic studies about the
possible form of to storage information, and reported results. This material is cheap, easy of to use, and it decrease the
register time.
Multitudes of materials were and are investigated for holographic recording. materials and processes are
advantageous because its has high exposure sensitivity, high diffraction efficiency, stability, etc.
We report a photosensitive emulsion its electro-optical and chemical properties by mixing PVA with metallic salts
and ammonium dichromate. We describe a hypothesis with respect to some mechanisms of photo and thermo
sensitivity to different characteristics in emulsions.
There are many polymers applications in the industry, but some polymers can be used also as material for
holographic register. Photopolymer materials with others components are promising candidates for holographic
replications. We report in this manuscript the analysis of some its electro-optical and chemical properties as;
diffraction efficiency, pH, resistivity experimental and technique to obtain holograms replication with lithographic
techniques.
An organic conductor polymer was doped with benzalkonium chloride to get a photoluminescent effect at 560
nm and it was used as holographic material. We used a digital image to generate a hologram in a computer and it was
transferred by microlithography techniques to our polymer to get a phase hologram. The transference is successful by
rubbing, the heat increment produce temperature gradients and the information in the mask is transferred to the material
by the refraction index changes, thus the film is recorded. We recorded some gratings to observe the behavior of
photoluminescent light with different frequencies when it is radiated with a green laser beam at 532 nm.
The holographic properties of dichromate gelatin (DCG) doped with natural colorants, in order to change the
absorbance spectrum profile, and increasing the material sensibility, obtaining a good photo sensibility in other spectral
emission line laser as blue. We showed some basics studies referent possible mechanism to storage information with
this doping, and reported results. We show a light description technique to obtain holograms with these colored
materials, as some experimental results.
We developed a holographic material based on glucose. The material is recorded by its crystalline polymerization when
it is radiated with ultraviolet light. Also we doped our holographic material with a colorant (pink Deiman(R)), obtaining a
parallel photoluminescence phenomenon. Thus, a diffraction grating generated in a computer is transferred to our
material using UV light, and it is reconstructed by a green laser beam. We analyzed the grating efficiency and the
photoluminescent light emitted.
We synthesized a photoluminescent conductor polymer composed of polyvinyl alcohol, which was doped with nickel
chloride to decrease its resistivity (300 Ωcm) and benzalkonium chloride to obtain photoluminescence properties, when
it is radiated with a green laser beam (532 nm). We compared its absorbance curve and its energy emitted curve to
observe the amount energy that is taken advantage of this process. Besides we research the photoluminescence behavior
when an electric currant is applied in our conductor polymer, obtaining a modulation capacity.
Photoluminescence light is emitted at 640 nm by a biopolymeric emulsion based on glucose and current colorant when it is radiated by a green laser at 532nm. Its absorbance profile behavior versus its photoluminescence spectra was graphed and compared, also the photoluminescence emission was compared with the pumping profile which was modulated with a chopper at 140 hertz to obtain the same modulation of its photoluminescent emission. Thus it was distinguished and analyzed the phenomenon behavior.
We used CoCl2 as dopant with PVA, to do holograms for different concentrations and process as photo and thermo-polymerizations under environmental conditions. We present the quantitative results of the diffraction efficiency parameter from digital holograms storage, bearing in mind variable so much physical and chemical to different concentrations.
The study and optimization of new materials for holographic recording open new applications about these, we find the biopolymer, which offer a high response at the same way, the lactose present this characteristic, Preliminary studies shows, some properties with the ability to storage information, these can be used for holographic recording medium. In this present manuscript we made on analysis of its optical and chemical properties as: refraction index, diffraction efficiency, technique to obtain hologram and experimental replication results of computer holograms. The advantage that this material it is that does not need developed process of developed at environment conditions.
We present holograms generated in a computer to an acrylic enamel slide (Comex(R)), getting phase holograms. The information in the mask is transferred to the material by temperature gradients generated by rubbing. The refraction index is transformed at each material point by the temperature changes, thus the film is recorded and developed by itself. this material can be used for soft lithography.
Metallic salt MgCl2 as dopant, its concentration, and electro-chemical behaviour, as the physico-chemicals changes in the doped process; these are elements determinant to obtain a final conductive
polymer product. We present some results from properties electro-optics of the PVA doped with MgCl2, for this form will be use as conductive polymer and holographic material, we present the diffraction efficiency parameter from the gratings made with our conductor polymer material.
We observed that a commercial epoxy resin (Comex(R) is enable to record images by means of lithography techniques. We can generate a hologram using a digital image and a computer simulation program and transferred it on our resin by microlithography techniques to get a phase hologram and increase its efficiency. The exposition to the heat produce temperature gradients and the information in the mask is transferred to the material by the refraction index changes, thus the film is recorded. At the same time the hologram is cured.
Radiating doped carotenoids synthesized at INAOE by an ultraviolet beam, significant conductivity and chromatic changes are observed, being useful for several applications as would be an images recorder material of high resolution cured with UV radiation, using its transmittance modulation.
In holography the development and manipulation of materials is determinant for holographic register. Inside this variety of materials there exist the photopolymers and thermopolimeros, materials that have a great potential in holography. In our work we say specifically to the polyvinyl alcohol, it has a dual behavior between photo and thermosensibility. We take advantage of these characteristics for digital holograms replications.
We present quantitative results as the diffraction efficiency in the holograms storage as quality parameter. Bearing in mind variations in the states of hydrolysis of the PVA, this form we determine the viability of the use this material for the production of holograms replications in mass.
Using an array of laser microscope and a photoluminescent material, we can differentiate the upper and lower extremes of a specimen without changing the focus. It contributes a non-destructive test, which increases the perception of details at microscopic level.
The molecular dope and his concentration can be change the conductivity of the polymer in several magnitude orders. Everything will depend on the final characteristic that ensues from the process estereochemical, from the polymer and of the chemical and physical factors that they are involved process. We present in this manuscript the evolution characterization of the resistivity parameter of a solution formed by a polymer (PVA) doping with metallic salt (FeCl3) construct a conductive polymer. We present quantitative results of the temporary evolution and behaviour of the resistivity parameters of some solution to different concentrations considering his physical and chemical properties.
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