KEYWORDS: Sensors, Short wave infrared radiation, Spectroscopy, Atmospheric sensing, Data centers, Satellites, Atmospheric corrections, Absorption, Signal to noise ratio, Reflectivity
Preprocessing of AVIRIS and Hyperion hyperspectral data is a challenging and time consuming process. A significant portion of this preprocessing effort is related to the removal of specific bands for the selection of an optimal band set. Bad bands are characterized by criteria such as noise and low responsivity. Noise is the interference resulting from atmospheric absorption phenomena and may be sensor generated. Responsivity refers to the bands representing wavelengths near the extremes of the sensors' focal plane(s).
This research streamlines the preprocessing flow, thus minimizing production time and effort. In addition, this overview will help to expand the user community beyond remote sensing experts and facilitate the accessibility of hyperspectral data to application experts in various fields. This will be accomplished by improving the end user's understanding of the preprocessing steps and their ability to interpret these data types.
KEYWORDS: Remote sensing, Data modeling, Information technology, Sensors, Geographic information systems, Microwave radiation, LIDAR, Space operations, Environmental sensing, Satellites
The Center for GeoSpatial Workforce Development is embarking on a new era in education by developing a repository of dynamic online courseware authored by the foremost industry experts within the remote sensing and GIS industries. Virtual classrooms equipped with the most advanced instructions, computations, communications, course evaluation, and management facilities amplify these courses to enhance the learning environment and provide rapid feedback between instructors and students. The launch of this program included the objective development of the Model Curriculum by an independent consortium of remote sensing industry leaders. The Center's research and development focus on recruiting additional industry experts to develop the technical content of the courseware and then utilize state-of-the-art technology to enhance their material with visually stimulating animations, compelling audio clips and entertaining, interactive exercises intended to reach the broadest audience possible by targeting various learning styles. The courseware will be delivered via various media: Internet, CD-ROM, DVD, and compressed video, that translates into anywhere, anytime delivery of GeoSpatial Information Technology education.
Global transparency is founded on the Open Skies philosophy and its precept of non-discriminatory access. Global transparency implies that anyone can have anytime, anyplace access to a wide-array of remotely sensed imagery. The custom of non-discriminatory access requires that datasets of interest must be affordable, usable, and obtainable in a timely fashion devoid of political, economic or technical obstacles. Thus, an assessment of the correlation between the availability of satellite imagery and changes in governmental policies, pricing fluctuations of data, and advances in technology is critical to assessing the viability of global transparency. The Open Skies philosophy was originally proposed at the 1955 Geneva Summit to advocate mutually beneficial aerial reconnaissance missions over the USSR and the US as a verification tool for arms control and non-proliferation agreements. However, due to Cold War tensions, this philosophy and the custom of non-discriminatory were not widely adopted in the civilian remote sensing community until the commissioning of the Landsat Program in 1972. Since this time, commercial high-resolution satellites have drastically changed the circumstances on which the fundamental tenets of this philosophy are based. Since the successful launch of the first of this satellite class, the IKONOS satellite, high-resolution imagery is now available to non-US governments and an unlimited set of non-state actors. As more advanced capabilities are added to the growing assortment of remote sensing satellites, the reality of global transparency will rapidly evolve. This assessment includes an overview of historical precedents and a brief explanation of relevant US policy decisions that define non-discriminatory access with respect to US government and US based corporate assets. It also presents the dynamics of the political, economic, and technical barriers that may dictate or influence the remote sensing community's access to satellite data. In conclusion, this analysis considers strategies for balancing the dual-use nature of hyperspectral and high-resolution satellite imagery and discusses the potential impact of these policies on gloal transparency.
KEYWORDS: Satellites, Remote sensing, Data acquisition, Satellite communications, Licensing, Manufacturing, Control systems, Satellite imaging, Data processing, Data archive systems
Remote sensing satellite operators throughout the world are starting to require an increasing number of proprietary hardware and software components as a prerequisite to the collection, processing and distribution of their satellite's data. This assessment investigates the technical, economic and political impetus for these proprietary requirements. This assessment concludes with an overview of the potential impact on ground receiving stations and the remote sensing community.
12 This assessment will concentrate on an analysis of the U.S. policy of shutter control and its potential impact on U.S. commercial remote sensing firms. The legal elements of this analysis focus an overview of the legality of recent regulations issued by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to regulate the collection and/or distribution of high-resolution satellite imagery. The policy elements of this analysis concentrate on the goals of this policy, namely to preserve the national security, foreign policy and international obligations of the U.S. government. Conclusions include an assessment that future launches and operations of commercial high-resolution satellites by other countries will undermine the ability of the U.S. government to control the flow of data and therefore make the policy of shutter control obsolete.
There are a number of controversial policy issues regarding the dissemination of Landsat 7 data and processing software. Public opinion in the various sectors in the industry such as commercial, government and academic have diverse views of which levels of data the United States government should produce as standard products. Some commercial interests are opposed to the government production of value-added products and would prefer that the government concentrate on the production of lower level products and perform only systematic level corrections. Alternatively, data users among government and academic institutions are interested in the government offering terrain and precision corrected products. In addition, the U.S. government has also produced a Landsat 7 processing software package that will permit end users to process their own data. Due to the Freedom of Information Act this software is readily available to the public since its development was funded by U.S. taxpayers, yet there are concerns that its dissemination will undermine the principle of the commercialization of space. Therefore, even if value added products are not offered as standard products, the availability of a no cost processing system could have similar impacts on the revenues of commercial firms. This discussion will provide an overview of the history of this controversy, reflect on the current situation regarding Landsat 7 data policy, and will concentrate on the advantages and disadvantages to both the private and public sectors. A comparison between the public good accomplished by the Landsat program is contrasted to the impact on commercial interests in an effort to encourage a better understanding among all interested parties.
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