We propose an ultrasonic-assisted point-one-shot mid-infrared Fourier spectroscopy device involving an ultrasonic liquidcell and point-one-shot Fourier spectroscopy (diameter: 6 mm, thickness: 5 mm) for ear clip type non-invasive blood glucose sensors, at a low cost (approximately 1,000 EUR). As the prevalence of diabetes increases over time, methods for non-invasive monitoring of blood glucose concentration in daily life are increasingly important for diabetes control and prevention. However, there are currently no sensors for non-invasively detecting biological components in daily environments. In the current study, we propose a point-one-shot Fourier spectroscopy method comprising one objective lens and a camera. The objective lens is a spherical lens at the front side and a dual-axis wedge prism inclined along the horizontal and vertical axes. An objective beam is collimated by the objective lens, with a difference in optical path length caused by the wedge prism. This device can be used to obtain two-dimensional spatial fringe patterns. Conventional oneshot Fourier spectroscopy produces one-dimensional fringe patterns in the horizontal direction of the array device. Thus, the maximum optical path length is limited by the number of pixels in only the horizontal line of the array device. However, our proposed point-one-shot Fourier spectroscopy device can produce an interferogram with longer maximum optical path lengths compared with conventional devices because horizontal lines at difference rows are connected by the same phase pixel. Thus, spectroscopic imaging devices can be produced at a low cost because low-resolution cameras (e.g., 80 × 80 pixels) can be used for spectroscopy.
A mid-infrared spectroscopic imager needs to be portable and tough for the identification of dyestuffs used for murals in ancient tombs during archaeological on-site analysis. Meanwhile, an extremely compact and tough hyperspectral camera with mass less than 2 kg is required for mounting on drones to observe nutritive components like nitrogen and phosphorus. We proposed a near-common-path wavefront-division phase-shift interferometer as an imaging-type twodimensional Fourier spectrometer. Because the proposed interferometer has strong robustness against mechanical vibrations, a palm-sized Fourier spectroscopic imager can be realized without an anti-mechanical vibration system. We developed a palm-sized (80-mm cube weighing 0.5 kg) and tough hyperspectral camera for mid-infrared light (wavelength of 8–14 μm) that can be operated using only a notebook personal computer. Furthermore, the field of view of a conventional hyperspectral camera is narrow (e.g., 6.4 deg × 5.1 deg). However, employing a proposed field angle correlation method and using a fisheye lens as the objective lens, the field of view can be expanded to 180 deg. The total price of the mid-infrared two-dimensional spectroscopic imager is no more than several thousand USD because a lowprice microbolometer (Vision Sensing, VIM-80G2, wavelength range: 8-14 μm, 80 × 80 pixels, price: 300 USD) is used. Additionally, a long-stroke (10 mm) and high-resolution (Optical encoder resolution: 100 nm) impact-drive actuator (Technohands XCWT70-10 weighing 30 g) is introduced as a low-price (1000 USD) and tough phase-shift stage with cross-roller linear-motion guides.
High-frequency spectroscopic observation methods using small satellites and drones for monitoring of plankton in the ocean and vegetation activity have recently attracted considerable attention. However, in multi-directional spectroscopic imaging, the spectroscopic characteristics vary depending on the observation and illumination angles. Therefore, huge quantities of spectroscopic data were previously required for every conceivable combination of zenith and azimuth angles to identify plant species. The method proposed here can identify any plant species from near-surface and internal reflectance spectroscopic data, regardless of the zenith and azimuth angles. We assume that the observed spectral intensity can be calculated as a linear sum of the near-surface spectral reflectivity and the internal diffusion spectral reflectivity multiplied by the light-source spectral intensity and the reflection correction coefficients a and b. We acquire the near-surface and internal reflected light as basic spectroscopic data using the orthogonal polarized light illumination method. The coefficients a and b can be calculated from basic spectroscopic data. We obtain m-sets (ai, bi) (i =1-m) using combinations of the numbers of λ1…λn. If the reflection correction coefficient of the m-sets (ai, bi) is close to one, we identify the observed plant as a plant species contained in the basic data. If the two species are different, the m-sets (ai, bi) have uncorrelated values and the m-sets (ai, bi) reflection correction coefficient decreases towards zero. In this work, we performed feasibility demonstrations using two types of plant and successfully determined from the basic data that the observed plant is the correct plant species.
When monitoring a moist sample using mid-infrared spectroscopy, its thickness must be <100 μm to avoid light absorption from the water. Therefore, we propose an ultrasonic-assisted mid-infrared spectroscopic imaging method that can generate a reflection plane at a depth of 100 μm from the surface of the sample by creating an ultrasonic standing wave. A frequency of 10 MHz is required to obtain an optical path length of 100 μm in biological samples. However, because biological samples generally have high compressibility, attenuation of ultrasonic waves at this frequency is significant. We use agar as a biological phantom and observe that a reflection plane is generated inside by ultrasonic standing waves using optical coherence tomography. It is found that when the sample is vibrated with an 800-kHz ultrasonic wave, a reflection plane is generated at a depth shallower than the theoretically predicted value. We believe that the reflection plane is generated by parametric standing waves, which are based on parametric effect. We detect the waveform distortion using an acoustic emission sensor and confirm the higher harmonics that generate the observed reflection plane using a fast Fourier transform.
For monitoring and prevention of lifestyle diseases, we have investigated development of non-invasive ear-clip type blood glucose sensors that can be used by individuals in daily life. Because mid-infrared light (λ = 8–14 μm) is absorbed strongly by water, it is difficult to detect transmitted light from human bodies. We propose that an ultrasonic-assisted method, which can actively produce a reflection plane at a blood vessel (depth of around 100 μm), could be used to detect internal reflected light from biological tissues. An ultrasonic standing wave produced near the skin surface by an ultrasonic vibrator can form refractive index boundaries between areas of high and low density. Additionally, we can use a low ultrasonic frequency (1 MHz) that does not suffer from heavy damping by parametric standing waves, which appear in non-rigid samples and produce reflection planes at the same depth when using a high frequency (10 MHz). At the refractive index boundary nearest the skin surface, the light from inside biological tissues is reflected and can be used to obtain information of biological components. The optical path length can be set by changing the measurement depth by altering the ultrasonication frequency. We measured internal reflected light from the ears of mice (blood glucose level = 120 mg/dL) non-invasively using our unique mid-infrared spectroscopic imager and obtained absorption peaks for blood glucose (λ = 9.3 μm and 9.7 μm). Mid-infrared spectroscopy can be applied to measurements in samples with high water contents.
We propose the point one-shot mid-infrared Fourier spectroscopic imager, which is composed of only a single Ge lens (diameter: 6 mm; thickness: 5 mm) and a two-dimensional array device. The lens is a nonspherical lens on the front side and a dual-axis inclined wedge prism at the rear side. The objective beams, which have different optical path lengths because of the effects of the prism, are imaged using the array device and we obtain a two-dimensional spatial fringe pattern. We can improve the wavelength resolution analytically by connecting the same optical path difference (OPD) pixels of the horizontal lines at different rows, even though we use low-resolution cameras.
Smart toilets could be used to monitor different components of urine in daily life for early detection of lifestyle-related diseases and prompt provision of treatment. For analysis of biological samples such as urine by midinfrared spectroscopy, thin-film samples like liquid cells are needed because of the strong absorption of midinfrared light by water. Conventional liquid cells or fixed cells are prepared based on the liquid membrane method and solution technique, but these are not quantitative and are difficult to set up and clean. We generated an ultrasonic standing wave reflection plane in a sample and produced an ultrasonic liquid cell. In this cell, the thickness of the optical path length was adjustable, as in the conventional method. The reflection plane could be generated at an arbitrary depth and internal reflected light could be detected by changing the frequency of the ultrasonic wave. We could generate refractive index boundaries using the density difference created by the ultrasonic standing wave. Creation of the reflection plane in the sample was confirmed by optical coherence tomography. Using the proposed method and midinfrared spectroscopy, we discriminated between normal urine samples spiked with glucose at different concentrations and obtained a high correlation coefficient.
We proposed the extremely compact beans-size snap-shot mid-infrared spectroscopy that will be able to be built in
smartphones. And also the easy preparation method of thin-film samples generated by ultrasonic standing wave is
proposed. Mid-infrared spectroscopy is able to identify material components and estimate component concentrations
quantitatively from absorption spectra. But conventional spectral instruments were very large-size and too expensive to
incorporate into daily life. And preparations of thin-film sample were very troublesome task. Because water absorption
in mid-infrared lights is very strong, moisture-containing-sample thickness should be less than 100[μm]. Thus, midinfrared
spectroscopy has been utilized only by analytical experts in their laboratories. Because ultrasonic standing wave
is compressional wave, we can generate periodical refractive-index distributions inside of samples. A high refractiveindex
plane is correspond to a reflection boundary. When we use a several MHz ultrasonic transducer, the distance
between sample surface and generated first node become to be several ten μm. Thus, the double path of this distance is
correspond to sample thickness. By combining these two proposed methods, as for liquid samples, urinary albumin and
glucose concentrations will be able to be measured inside of toilet. And as for solid samples, by attaching these apparatus
to earlobes, the enhancement of reflection lights from near skin surface will create a new path to realize the non-invasive
blood glucose sensor. Using the small ultrasonic-transducer whose diameter was 10[mm] and applied voltage 8[V], we
detected the internal reflection lights from colored water as liquid sample and acrylic board as solid sample.
The use of the wide-field-stop and beam-expansion method for sensitivity enhancement of one-shot Fourier spectroscopy is proposed to realize health care sensors installed in smartphones for daily monitoring. When measuring the spectral components of human bodies noninvasively, diffuse reflected light from biological membranes is too weak for detection using conventional hyperspectral cameras. One-shot Fourier spectroscopy is a spatial phase-shift-type interferometer that can determine the one-dimensional spectral characteristics from a single frame. However, this method has low sensitivity, so that only the spectral characteristics of light sources with direct illumination can be obtained, because a single slit is used as a field stop. The sensitivity of the proposed spectroscopic method is improved by using the wide-field-stop and beam-expansion method. The use of a wider field stop slit width increases the detected light intensity; however, this simultaneously narrows the diffraction angle. The narrower collimated objective beam diameter degrades the visibility of interferograms. Therefore, a plane-concave cylindrical lens between the objective plane and the single slit is introduced to expand the beam diameter. The resulting sensitivity improvement achieved when using the wide-field-stop and beam-expansion method allows the spectral characteristics of hemoglobin to be obtained noninvasively from a human palm using a midget lamp.
The distributed networks for information collection of chemical components with high-mobility objects, such as drones or smartphones, will work effectively for investigations, clarifications and predictions against unexpected local terrorisms and disasters like localized torrential downpours. We proposed and reported the proposed spectroscopic line-imager for smartphones in this conference. In this paper, we will mention the wide-area spectroscopic-image construction by estimating 6 DOF (Degrees Of Freedom: parallel movements=x,y,z and rotational movements=θx, θy, θz) from line data to observe and analyze surrounding chemical-environments. Recently, smartphone movies, what were photographed by peoples happened to be there, had worked effectively to analyze what kinds of phenomenon had happened around there. But when a gas tank suddenly blew up, we did not recognize from visible-light RGB-color cameras what kinds of chemical gas components were polluting surrounding atmospheres. Conventionally Fourier spectroscopy had been well known as chemical components analysis in laboratory usages. But volatile gases should be analyzed promptly at accident sites. And because the humidity absorption in near and middle infrared lights has very high sensitivity, we will be able to detect humidity in the sky from wide field spectroscopic image. And also recently, 6-DOF sensors are easily utilized for estimation of position and attitude for UAV (Unmanned Air Vehicle) or smartphone. But for observing long-distance views, accuracies of angle measurements were not sufficient to merge line data because of leverage theory. Thus, by searching corresponding pixels between line spectroscopic images, we are trying to estimate 6-DOF in high accuracy.
We proposed the snapshot-type Fourier spectroscopic imaging for smartphone that was mentioned in 1st. report in this conference. For spectroscopic components analysis, such as non-invasive blood glucose sensors, the diffuse reflection lights from internal human skins are very weak for conventional hyperspectral cameras, such as AOTF (Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter) type. Furthermore, it is well known that the spectral absorption of mid-infrared lights or Raman spectroscopy especially in long wavelength region is effective to distinguish specific biomedical components quantitatively, such as glucose concentration. But the main issue was that photon energies of middle infrared lights and light intensities of Raman scattering are extremely weak. For improving sensitivity of our spectroscopic imager, the wide-field-stop & beam-expansion method was proposed. Our line spectroscopic imager introduced a single slit for field stop on the conjugate objective plane. Obviously to increase detected light intensities, the wider slit width of the field stop makes light intensities higher, regardless of deterioration of spatial resolutions. Because our method is based on wavefront-division interferometry, it becomes problems that the wider width of single slit makes the diffraction angle narrower. This means that the narrower diameter of collimated objective beams deteriorates visibilities of interferograms. By installing the relative inclined phaseshifter onto optical Fourier transform plane of infinity corrected optical systems, the collimated half flux of objective beams derived from single-bright points on objective surface penetrate through the wedge prism and the cuboid glass respectively. These two beams interfere each other and form the infererogram as spatial fringe patterns. Thus, we installed concave-cylindrical lens between the wider slit and objective lens as a beam expander. We successfully obtained the spectroscopic characters of hemoglobin from reflected lights from human fingers.
We had already proposed and reported the little-finger size hyperspectral-camera that was able to be applied to visible and infrared lights. The proposed method has been expected to be mounted on smartphones for healthcare sensors, and unmanned air vehicles such as drones for antiterrorism measures or environmental measurements. In this report, we will mention the trial product of the thumb size apparatus whose lens diameter was 5[mm]. The proposed Fourier spectroscopic imager is a kind of wavefront-division and common-path phase-shift interferometers. We installed the relative inclined phase-shifter onto optical Fourier transform plane of infinity corrected optical systems. The infinity corrected optical systems was configured with an objective lens and a cylindrical imaging lens. The relative inclined phase-shifter, what was made from a thin glass less than 0.3[mm] thick, had the wedge-prism and cuboid-glass region, because half surface of a thin glass was polished at an oblique angle of around 1[deg.]. The collimated half flux of objective beams derived from single-bright points on objective surface penetrate through the wedge prism and the cuboid glass respectively. These two beams are interfered each other and form the infererogram as spatial fringe patterns. In this case, the horizontal axis on 2-dimensional light receiving device is assigned to the amount of phase-shift. And also the vertical axis is assigned to the imaging coordinates on a line view field. Thus, by installing thin phase-shifter onto optical Fourier transform plane, the line spectroscopic imager, what obtains 1 dimensional spectral character distributions, were able to be realized.
We proposed the ultrasonic-assisted spectroscopic imaging for the realization of blood-glucose-level monitoring during dialytic therapy. Optical scattering and absorption caused by blood cells deteriorate the detection accuracy of glucose dissolved in plasma. Ultrasonic standing waves can agglomerate blood cells at nodes. In contrast, around anti-node regions, the amount of transmitted light increases because relatively clear plasma appears due to decline the number of blood cells. Proposed method can disperse the transmitted light of plasma without time-consuming pretreatment such as centrifugation. To realize the thumb-size glucose sensor which can be easily attached to dialysis tubes, an ultrasonic standing wave generator and a spectroscopic imager are required to be small. Ultrasonic oscillators are ∅30[mm]. A drive circuit of oscillators, which now size is 41×55×45[mm], is expected to become small. The trial apparatus of proposed one-shot Fourier spectroscopic imager, whose size is 30×30×48[mm], also can be little-finger size in principal. In the experiment, we separated the suspension mixed water and micro spheres (Θ10[mm) into particles and liquid regions with the ultrasonic standing wave (frequency: 2[MHz]). Furthermore, the spectrum of transmitted light through the suspension could be obtained in visible light regions with a white LED.
We propose one-shot Fourier-spectroscopic tomography as a method of ultraminiature spectroscopic imaging. The apparatus used in this technique consists solely of a glass slab with a portion of its surface polished at a certain inclination angle—a device we term a relative-inclination phase shifter—simply mounted on an infinite-distance-corrected optical imaging system. For this reason, the system may be ultraminiaturized to sizes on the order of a few tens of millimeters. Moreover, because our technique uses a near-common-path wavefront-division phase-shift interferometer and has absolutely no need for a mechanical drive unit, it is highly robust against mechanical vibrations. In addition, because the proposed technique uses Fourier-transform spectroscopy, it offers highly efficient light utilization and an outstanding signal-to-noise ratio compared to devices that incorporate distributed or hyperspectral acousto-optical tunable filters. The interferogram, which is a pattern formed by interference of waves at all wavelengths, reflects the spatial variation in the intensity of the interference depending on the magnitude of the phase shift. We first discuss the design of the phase shifter and the results of tests to validate the principles underlying one-shot Fourier-spectroscopic tomography. We then report the results of one-dimensional spectroscopic imaging using this technique.
We proposed the imaging-type 2-dimensional Fourier spectroscopy that is a near-common-path interferometer with
strong robustness against mechanical vibrations. We introduced the miniature uncooled infrared microbolometer arrays
for smartphone (e.g. product name: FILR ONE price: around 400USD). And we constructed the phase-shifter with the
piezo impact drive mechanism (maker: Technohands.co.Ltd., stroke: 4.5mm, resolution: 0.01μm, size: 20mm, price:
around 800USD). Thus, we realized the palm-size mid-infrared spectroscopic imager [size: L56mm×W69mm×H43mm
weight: 500g]. And by using wide-angle lens as objective lens, the proposed method can obtain the wide-field 2-
dimensional middle-infrared (wavelength: 7.5-13.5[μm]) spectroscopic imaging of radiation lights emitted from human
bodies itself
We propose the extremely-compact-size line-imaging Fourier spectroscopy for smartphones. We realize the near
common-path interferometer with strong robustness for mechanical vibrations by installing the transmission-type
relative-inclined phase-shifter. The interferogram of an imaging line is formed as 2-dimensional fringe pattern on
imaging sensor, such as CCD camera. In other words, the horizontal axis on an imaging sensor is assigned to phase-shift
value. And the vertical axis is corresponds to image formation coordinate. Thus, by installing a relatively-inclined thin glass
into imaging optics, such as smartphone, we will realize the line-imaging Fourier spectroscopy for healthcare
sensor in daily-life environments.
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