We review a number of instruments employed in a high-intensity J-KAREN-P laser-solid interaction experiment and discuss the applicability of the diagnostics to the best target position determination with a ~10 μm accuracy, while the focal spot size was ~1 μm and peak intensity was up to 7×1021 W/cm2. We discuss both front- and back-side diagnostics, some of them operated in the infrared, visible and ultraviolet ranges, while others in the extreme ultraviolet, soft X-ray and gamma-ray ranges. We found that the applicability of some of the instruments to the best at-focus target position determination depends on the thickness of the target.
A simplified flash-lamp pumped high-average-power Nd:YAG Q-switched laser system based on a master oscillator power amplifier platform was developed toward outside laser remote sensing. The performance of the laser system was demonstrated, obtaining 4.7 J output pulse energy with a 50 Hz operating frequency on the optical breadboard of 1.8 m x 0.7 m size. The pulse energy from master oscillator was approximately 250 mJ with 14 ns pulse duration that was amplified by first Nd:YAG rod crystals with double pass amplification. Then, output laser pulse from first YAG rod was amplified by second and third Nd:YAG rod crystals. The beam pattern was image relayed using lens pair between all Nd:YAG rods to maintain the good beam spatial profile in rod amplifiers to avoid the optical damages induced by non-uniform beam profile. The focal lengths of thermal lens effect in each Nd:YAG rod crystal was about 2 m that were compensated by an adjustment of lens pairs. The amplified pulse laser was focused using focusing lens pair on the concrete surface to generate panel vibrations by laser ablation and/or thermal stress, acting thus as a hammer. The focal length of lens pair was approximately 7 m that is assumed the typical a tunnel roof in Japan. The energy transfer efficiency from final amplifier to concrete surface was approximately 87%, its main reason of reduction of efficiency was beam quality of master oscillator. That efficiency was 89% with only oscillator beam.
High-speed laser remote sensing of defects inside a concrete specimen was demonstrated. In the proposed measurement setup, high-power laser pulses irradiated a concrete surface to generate vibration that can be detected by an optical interferometer, which was constructed using photorefractive crystal. The laser-based remote sensing system achieved inspection speeds of 25 Hz. The predominant frequency of a mock-up defect that was embedded in a concrete specimen was measured. The inspection result was identical to that obtained using a conventional hammering method.
We present an overview of our systematic studies of the surface modifications resulting from the interactions of both single and multiple picosecond soft x-ray laser (SXRL) pulses with materials, such as gold (Au), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), and lithium fluoride (LiF). We show experimentally the possibility of the precise nanometer size structures (~10–40 nm) formation on their surfaces by ultra-low (~10–30 mJ/cm2 ) fluencies of single picosecond SXRL pulse. Comparison experimental results with the atomistic model of ablation, which was developed for the single SXRL shot interaction with dielectrics and metals, is provided. Theoretical description of surface nanostructures is considered and is shown that such structures are formed after laser illumination in a process of mechanical spallation of ultrathin surface layer of molten metal. Spallation is accompanied by a strong foaming of melt, breaking of foam, and freezing of foam remnants. Those remnants form chaotic nanostructures, which are observed in experiments. Our measurements show that electron temperature of matter under irradiation of SXRL was lower than 1 eV. The model calculation also predicts that the ablation induced by the SXRL can create the significant low electron temperature. Our results demonstrate that tensile stress created in LiF and metals by short SXRL pulse can produce spallative ablation of target even for drastically small fluencies, which open new opportunities for material nano processing.
The initial stages of femtosecond laser ablation of gold were observed by single-shot soft X-ray laser interferometer and reflectometer. The ablation front surface and the spallation shell dome structure were observed from the results of the soft X-ray interferogram, reflective image, and shadowgraph. The formation and evolution of soft X-ray Newton’s rings (NRs) were found by reflective imaging at the early stages of the ablation dynamics. The soft X-ray NRs are caused by the interference between the bulk ablated surface and nanometer-scale thin spallation layer. The spallation layer was kept at the late timing of the ablation dynamics, and the height of that reached over 100 μm. The temporal evolution of the bulk ablated surface was observed in the ablation dynamics. From these results, we have succeeded in obtaining the temporal evolution of the ablation front exfoliated from the gold surface.
Short pulse x-ray sources are widely used as probing beams for new material development and non-destructive x-ray imaging. The high quality soft x-ray laser (SXRL) source enables us to achieve quite high spatial-resolution as a probe and quite intense x-ray as a pump. As an application using the SXRL, we have observed the spallative ablation process by the interaction with SXRL or femto-second (fs) laser. The dynamical processes of the SXRL and/or the fs laserinduced surface modifications come to attract much attention for the micro processing. However, it is difficult to observe the spallative ablation dynamics, because of non-repetitive, irreversible and rapid phenomena in a small feature size. In the case with SXRL irradiation (13.9 nm, 7ps, ~50 mJ/cm2), we have observed the damage structures and the optical emission from the ablated materials. When focused SXRL pulses were have been irradiated onto the metal surface, we have confirmed damage structures, however no optical emission signal during SXRL ablation could be observed. The electron temperature is estimated to be around a few eV at the ablated surface. In the case with fs laser irradiation (795 nm, 80fs, ~1.5 J/cm2), we have observed the surface morphology of fs laser ablation by the SXRL interferometer and SXRL reflectometer. The time resolved image of nano-scaled ablation dynamics of tungsten surface was observed. The numerical simulation study is underway by using a molecular dynamics code. These results lead not only to understanding the full process of the interaction with the SXRL and/or fs laser, but also to candidate the material of the first wall of magnetic confinement fusion reactors. We also described a preliminary study of radiation effect on culture cells irradiated with the SXRL. Our study demonstrated for the first time that the SXRL induced the DNA double strand breaks
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We describe measurement results on the polarisation state of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) signal from a collisionally pumped Ni-like Ag soft X-ray laser with a transient inversion. The result obtained with a calibrated membrane beam splitter as a polarisation state (P-state) selector shows that dominance one of the mutually perpendicular electric field components (p- or s-) in the output signal depends on the hydrodynamic state of the plasma medium. Hence, the output radiation has well defined polarisation state, even if this varies from shot to shot. Two different hydrodynamic state were referred as a ”low gain” and ”high gain” regimes and the allocated P-states had dominant s- and p-component, respectively. It was also shown that due to correlations between p- and s-components in the process of coherent amplification of noise, correct description of the polarisation state requires applying the generalised theory of polarisation and formulated there the generalised degree of polarisation (DOP). The critical role of active medium gain in the polarisation development is elucidated in a broader way.
To study the ablation process induced by the soft x-ray laser pulse, we investigated the electron temperature of the ablating material. Focused soft x-ray laser pulses having a wavelength of 13.9 nm and duration of 7 ps were irradiated onto the LiF, Al, and Cu surfaces, and we observed the optical emission from the surfaces by use of an optical camera. On sample surfaces, we could confirm damage structures, but no emission signal in the visible spectral range during ablation could be observed. Then, we estimated the electron temperature in the ablating matter. To consider the radiation from a heated layer, we supposed a black-body radiator as an object. The calculation result was that the electron temperature was estimated to be lower than 1 eV and the process duration was shorter than 1000 ps. The theoretical model calculation suggests the spallative ablation for the interaction between the soft x-ray laser and materials. The driving force for the spallation is an increasing pressure appearing in the heated layer, and the change of the surface is considered to be due to a splash of a molten layer. The model calculation predicts that the soft x-ray laser with the fluence around the ablation threshold can create an electron temperature around 1 eV in a material. The experimental result is in good accordance with the theoretical prediction. Our investigation implies that the spallative ablation occurs in the low electron temperature region of a non-equilibrium state of warm dense matter.
Following three different types of high power lasers at Kansai Photon Science Institute are overviewed and controlling
the laser damages in these laser systems are described: (1) PW-class Ti:sapphire laser for high field science, (2) zig-zag
slab Nd:glass laser for x-ray laser pumping, and (3) high-repetition Yb:YAG thin-slab laser for THz generation. Also
reported is the use of plasma mirror for characterization of short-wavelength ultrashort laser pulses. This new method
will be useful to study evolution of plasma formation which leads to laser damages.
To study the interactions between a soft x-ray laser (SXRL) and various materials, we irradiated Al, Au, Cu, and Si with
the SXRL beam pulses having a wavelength of 13.9 nm and duration of 7 ps. Following the irradiation, the induced
structures were observed using a scanning electron microscope and an atomic force microscope. With single pulse
irradiation, conical structures were observed on the Al surface, and ripple-like structures were formed on the Au and Cu
surfaces. The conical structures were destroyed under multiple SXRL pulse irradiation. On the other hand, the
developments of modified structures were observed after multiple pulse irradiations on the Au and Cu surfaces. On the
Si surface, deep holes, that seemed to be molten structures induced by the accumulation of multiple pulse irradiations,
were found. Therefore, it is concluded that the SXRL pulse irradiations of various material surfaces cause different
types of surface modifications, and the changes in the surface behaviors are attributed to the differences in the elemental
properties of each materials, such as the melting point and the attenuation length of x-rays.
We have developed the pump and probe soft x-ray imaging technique of the metal surfaces during the femtosecond laser
ablation by using the laser-driven soft x-ray laser at the wavelength of 13.9 nm. The pumping laser used for the ablation
was a Ti:Sapphire laser pulse with the duration of 80 fs pulse at a central wavelength of 795 nm, and had a Gaussian
spatial profile. By using the x-ray interferometer, the time resolved image of nano-scaled ablation dynamics of the
platinum was obtained. At the timing of 36 ps after the femtosecond laser irradiation, the maximum surface expansion
and expansion speed were measured to be about 60 nm and 1,700 m/s, respectively. We have compared between the
experimental result of the surface expansion and the profile of the ablated hole measured by the atomic force microscopy,
and discussed the fluence dependence of the femtosecond laser ablation. These results lead to better understanding of the
initial process of the laser ablation dynamics.
T. Imazono, M. Koike, T. Kawachi, N. Hasegawa, M. Koeda, T. Nagano, H. Sasai, Y. Oue, Z. Yonezawa, S. Kuramoto, M. Terauchi, H. Takahashi, N. Handa, T. Murano
We have developed an objective soft x-ray flat-field spectrograph installed in electron microscopes (EMs). The
spectrograph has two attractive features. One is that it is designed to cover a wide energy range of 50-4000 eV by using
four varied-line-spacing holographic gratings (VLSHGs) optimized for 50–200 eV, 155–350 eV, 300–2200 eV, and
2000–4000 eV. The gratings dedicated for the respective energy ranges can be accommodated in the single spectrograph.
This advantage comes from that the positions of the source points and image planes are assumed as the common
parameters in the design of all gratings. Therefore, it allows to easily change the energy range by only choosing an
appropriate grating and its position. The other is the application of a newly invented W/B4C multilayer coating. It has
been adopted to the grating for the 2000–4000 eV range to overcome the considerable decrease of the diffraction
efficiency in the energy range above ~2 keV. The novel coating makes it possible to enhance uniformly the diffraction
efficiency at a constant incidence angle in the whole energy range.
Metallic sodium (Na) was proposed as a transparent material in the vacuum ultra-violet (VUV) spectral range in 1930s
and in 1960s. However no clear transmission has ever been demonstrated. In this paper we describe firstly the direct
measurement of actual transmittance of a sodium samples in a spectral range longer than 115 nm which corresponds to
the shortest transmission wavelength of magnesium fluoride (MgF2) windows, resulting in several tens of %
transmittance of a 3 mm-thick solid sodium sample including MgF2 windows at the wavelength of ~120 nm. We also
find very weak temperature dependency of the transmittance up to 150 degrees centigrade where the solid sample is
melted at 97 degrees. The measured transmittance pushes us to make a simple imaging experiment illuminated by the
VUV light through a 2-mm thick sodium sample, resulting in obtaining a clear image composed of 100 μm diameter
tungsten mesh recorded on a two dimensional Charge Coupled Device detector. The result also opens a way to construct
an optical imaging device for objects inside or through a solid or a liquid sodium medium. According to the present
experiment, we can make a continuous real time transmission imaging for a liquid sodium sample if we use proper
optical setup including an intense continuous VUV source or high repetition rated intense coherent source for
holographic data acquisition. Such an experiment opens up a way to perform transmission imaging through or inside a
sodium medium for characterization of hydrodynamic and material properties.
Review of results, obtained by using recently proposed new imaging detector, based on formation of color centers in LiF
crystal and LiF film, for in situ high performance measurements of near-field and far-field properties of soft X-ray lasers
(SXRL) beams is presented. Experiments have been carried out with laser-driven transient-collision plasma SXRL and
free electron SXRL beams. It was demonstrated that due to favorable combination of high spatial resolution, high
dynamic range and wide field of view this technique allows measuring not only intensity distribution across the full
beam and in local areas, but also permits to evaluate coherence and spectral distribution of radiation across the beam.
Experimental diffraction patterns in the images of periodical structures are analyzed by comparison with the modeled
ones in the last case. The estimated accuracy of measurements is between 10-20%.
Using the x-ray lasers as amplifiers of ultrashort x-ray pulses has been investigated as a scheme for ultimate
light sources. For successful implementation, the characteristics of the scheme should be taken into account in
designing the amplifiers. In this paper, the basic physics and characteristics of the scheme were analyzed by
using the Maxwell-Bloch equations incorporating time-dependent gain, random spontaneous emission, atomic
level degeneracy, and radiation polarization. The variation of the pulse parameters such as energy, bandwidth,
pulsewidth, and polarization were explained based on a simple mechanism of pulse growth and also compared to
that in the conventional x-ray lasers. These results should be the basic information for a practical implementation
of the scheme.
We have developed a soft x-ray laser (SXRL) interferometer capable of the single-shot imaging of nano-scaled
structure dynamics. The interferometer consisted of the reflection optics including double Lloyd's mirrors and focusing
optics, and the interference fringes are produced on the detector surface. The depth and lateral resolutions of the
interferometer were about 1 nm and 1.8 μm, respectively. By using this interferometer, the initial stage (~50 ps) of the
ablation process of the Pt surface pumped by a 70 fs Ti:Sapphire laser pulse was observed. The expansion speed of the
surface estimated from the result (34 nm/50 ps) indicated that the nano-bubble structures were formed in the initial stage
of the ablation. In order to observe the detailed dynamics, the temporal synchronization between the pump and probe
pulses was improved to be 3 ps by adopting a portion of the SXRL and pump beams as the time fiducials, to which the
pump and probe timing was adjusted by using the x-ray streak camera.
A versatile soft x-ray flat-field grating spectrograph to be installed to a conventional transmission electron microscope
has been developed. A holographic spherical grating of a 1200-lines/mm effective groove density which places emphasis
on the low energy region of 50-200 eV is designed by an aspheric wavefront recording system. Laminar and blazed types
master (LM and BM) gratings and their respective replica (LR and BR) gratings are fabricated by holographic exposure
and ion-beam etching methods. Absolute diffraction efficiencies in the 50-300 eV range at the angle of incidence of 86.0
degrees were measured using a synchrotron radiation. The first order diffraction efficiencies are 6.1-7.5% (or 12%) for
LM (or BM) and 7.4-9.6% (or 13%) for LR (or BR) gratings at near 55 eV, and over 5% (or 8%) in the 50-200 eV range
for LM and LR (or BM and BR) gratings. The replica gratings show the comparable first-order diffraction efficiencies
with their respective laminar and blazed types of master gratings.
Ultra thin gold films having a thickness of 20-30 nm are favorable laser plasma targets for a soft x-ray microscopy, because the ultra thin films emit intense soft x-rays at the wavelength of water window region from the rear side with respect to the surface irradiated with short pulse laser. Using rear side emissions, the distance between the x-ray source and the specimens can be reduced so that the x-ray flux on specimens increases. In addition, the microscope system can be designed to be compact when the specimen holder and x-ray source are combined in one piece. In the present study, the biological specimen holder combined with a gold ultra thin film plasma target has been developed for a contact-type
soft x-ray microscope. This x-ray microscope system needs not any x-ray optics such as a condenser and/or an objective optics which causes a decrease in x-ray photons for imaging. Specimen holder equipped with the plasma target keeps biological specimens at wet condition in vacuum. In this study, x-ray images of hydrated living cells (MH-S mouse alveolar macrophage cell line) have been obtained successfully by use of the newly developed specimen holder. These
experimental results reveal that the soft x-ray image can be taken safely. Specimen holder combined with plasma x-ray source will be a key component of a compact soft x-ray microscope using in a laboratory.
The paper is devoted to experimental and theoretical studies of ablation of condensed matter by optical (OL),
extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray lasers (XRL). Results obtained at two different XRL are compared. The
first XRL is collision Ag-plasma laser with pulse duration τL = 7 ps and energy of quanta hv=89.3 eV, while
the second one is EUV free electron laser (EUV-FEL) and has parameters τL = 0.3 ps and energy of quanta 20.2
eV. It is shown that ablation thresholds for these XRL at LiF dielectric are approximately the same. A theory is
presented which explains slow growth of ablated mass with fluence in case of XRL as a result of transition from
spallative ablation near threshold to evaporative ablation at high fluencies. It is found that the metal irradiated
by short pulse of OL remains in elastic state even in high shear stresses. Material strength of aluminum at very
high deformation rates V/V ~ 109 s-1 is defined.
Observation of soft x-ray emissions from laser produced plasmas using ultra thin film targets has been carried out. Au
ultra thin films deposited on silicon nitride membranes were irradiated with a high contrast Nd:glass laser pulses. The
spectral properties of emitted soft x-rays were monitored with an x-ray spectrograph from the membrane side. The
observed emission intensities had a clear dependence on the Au film thickness. The results suggest that most of the laser
energy irradiated is absorbed by the Au films and few of the energy goes into the silicon nitride membranes, which
means an efficient laser energy deposition to the ultra thin Au film target and a high energy conversion rate from laser
to x-rays.
This paper gives an overview of recent progress of laser-driven plasma x-ray lasers in Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA). Fully spatial coherent plasma x-ray laser (XRL) at 13.9 nm with 0.1 Hz repetition rate has been developed using new driver laser system TOPAZ, and the succeeding optimization of the pumping condition has realized more efficient generation of the coherent x-ray pulse. The 0.1 Hz XRL is now routinely used in the wide variety of the
application experiments: The highlights of these applications are the study of fluctuation in the atomic structure of ferroelectric substances under the phase transition using the double XRL probe beam technique and the construction of new x-ray laser interferometer to observe nano-scale dynamics of materials.
Electromagnetic wave generation in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and infrared (IR) wavelength range occurs
during the interaction of intense short laser pulses with underdense plasmas. XUV pulses are generated through
laser light reflection from relativistically moving electron dense shells (flying mirrors). A proof-of-principle and
an advanced experiment on flying mirrors are presented. Both of the experiments demonstrated light reflection
and frequency upshift to the XUV wavelength range (14-20 nm). The advanced experiment with a head-on
collision of two laser pulses exhibited the high reflected photon number. IR radiation, which is observed in the
forward direction, has the wavelength of 5 μm and dominantly the same polarization as the driving laser. The
source of the IR radiation is attributed to emission from relativistic solitons formed in the underdense plasma.
This paper gives an overview of recent progress of x-ray laser research in Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI). In the development of high quality x-ray laser beam, the progress includes the improvement of output energy of fully spatial coherent x-ray laser beam at a wavelength of 13.9 nm and generation of temporally coherent x-ray laser at 26.9 nm by use of seed x-ray injection technique. Beam stability is greatly improved to be better than 0.5 mrad by introducing new designed target chamber and target alignment system. In the application of the 13.9 nm laser, an experiment by use of x-ray speckle technique reveals firstly the existence of polarization clusters in ferroelectric substance. For the purpose of further application experiments, 0.1 Hz-repetition rate x-ray laser driver is being developed, which is based on an OPCPA pre-amplifier and a Nd:glass zigzag slab amplifier with two beam lines, and each line provides 10 Joules 1 ps pulse on target.
We have succeeded in developing a laser-pumped x-ray laser with full spatial coherence at 13.9 nm. A highly directed x-ray laser beam with the divergence of 0.2 mrad was generated from the double target experiment, where a seeding light from the first laser medium was amplified in the second medium. The observed divergence is close to the diffraction limited value within a factor of two. The seeding light was amplified in the second medium without refraction influence and the gain coefficient was about 8 cm-1. The gain region of the second medium was far away from the target surface compared with that of the first medium and located in the considerably low density region. From the measurement of visibility, it was found that the spatial coherent length is longer than the beam diameter.
We present measurements of electron densities of plasmas with fs resolution. The plasmas are generated by laser pulses with different intensities at different time delays. Such plasmas are of great interest as preplasmas for transient, collisionally excited X-ray lasers. The prepulse is generated by stretching part of a 130-fs laser pulse of the ATLAS titanium-sapphire laser of our institute. Focusing this radiation to a line on molybdenum and silver targets generates preplasmas highly interesting to research directed towards a 10 Hz sub-Joule soft X-ray laser. The electron density is measured as a function of distance from the target by interferometry using a Wollaston prism. The ultrashort probe pulse allows one to obtain data as close as 10 - 20 μm from the target surface. Experimental data are compared with simulations using the MULTI hydrocode. The results allow optimization of prepulse-main pulse delay times and compare ablation from a hard (Mo) and a soft (Ag) material.
The soft x-ray emission from He-like and H-like were obtained by using the double nozzle gas-puff (Nitrogen, and Oxygen) target irradiated by the laser which delivered a laser energy of 50 mJ in 400 ps pulse width. Efficient absorption of the incident laser energy into the double gas-puff target was demonstrated experimentally such as 15%, and 29% for Nitrogen and Oxygen, respectively. The sub keV x-ray emission from He-β(1s2-1s2p, 1s2-1s3p, and 1s2-1s4p) lines are observed around the 0.4 nm wavelength region by using the double nozzle Argon gas-puff target irradiated by a 5 J, 1 ns, 1 μm laser. Using the gas-puff target irradiated by a femto-second laser pulse, highly ionized ions of Cr-, Fe- and Ni-like Kr at the 5 - 20 nm wavelength region have been observed in a laser produced plasma. However, the intensity of the x-ray emissions from double nozzle gas-puff target are lower than that from the single nozzle gas-puff targets, using the Krypton gas. Using xenon gas, the intensity of the x-ray emissions from double nozzle gas-puff target is equivalent to that from the single nozzle target.
We have observed lasing on Ne-like 3s-3p line from titanium (32.4 nm), Ni-like 4p-4d line from silver (13.9 nm) and tin (11.9 nm) with the transient collisional excitation (TCE) scheme that uses combinations of a long pre-pulse (approximately ns) and a short main pulse (approximately ps) or a short pre-pulse (approximately ps) and a short main pulse (approximately ps). A gain coefficient of 24cm-1 have been measured for plasma length up to 4mm with silver slab targets and 14cm-1 up to 6 mm with tin slab targets. We have installed a step mirror in the focusing system to generate traveling wave on the target. The traveling speed on the target is measured to be 3.08 cm/s and very close to the traveling speed of light. The traveling wave system improves the gain coefficient to 35cm-1 from 24cm-1 for Ni-like Ag and to 30cm-1 from 14cm-1 for Ni-like Sn. The strong gain saturation has been observed for the Ni-like Ag and Ni-like Sn. The output energy of the N-like Sn x-ray laser is 20 (mu) J. Spatial beam profiles of propagating x-ray lasers through gain plasma have been measured and are indicating localization of very high gain area and x-ray laser refraction.
We proposed a method to generate highly spatial coherent x-ray laser, in which high order harmonics was used as a seed light of a laser-produced x-ray amplifier. In this case, the intensity and the spatial coherence of the output x-ray depended on the harmonic conversion efficiency and the spectral and spatial coupling efficiencies between the harmonics and the lasing line. Based on the present x-ray lasers using a transient collisional-excitation (TCE) scheme, we investigated the values of these efficiencies, which were needed to realize a high spatial coherence. For this purpose we constructed a Ti:Sapphire laser system in which the central wavelength and the spectral bandwidth were tunable, and we conducted a preliminary experiment. The neon-like Ti x-ray laser at a wavelength of 32.4 nm was taken as an example, and harmonics at the same wavelength was generated using Ar gas target under the conditions that the central wavelength of 810 nm and the pulse duration of 1 ps. The experimental result showed that the characteristics of the harmonics were good enough to use as a seed light of x-ray lasers.
An ultra-short pulse CPA laser system for x-ray laser driver has been developed with a combination of Ti:sapphire front end and Nd:glass rod amplifiers. This laser system has two beam outputs and each beam line produces 20J pre pulse and 20J main. This laser system is designed for x-ray laser pumping driver, especially for transient gain scheme. The new transient gain x-ray laser scheme with thin foil metal targets has been proposed. This scheme has higher laser energy efficiency and less x-ray laser refraction effect and makes possible to generate shorter x-ray wavelength with a compact table-top sized laser system. The electron temperatures of plasma heated with a short pre pulse and short main pulse have been calculated with 1D hydrodynamic code and obtained electron temperature higher than 1 keV with 20J laser energy. X-ray laser propagation is also calculated with gain guiding effect.
An ultra-short pulse CPA laser system for x-ray laser driver has been developed with a combination of Ti:sapphire front end and Nd:glass rod amplifiers. This laser system has two beam outputs and each beam line produces 20J pre pulse and 20J main. This laser system is designed for x-ray laser pumping driver, especially for transient gain scheme. The new transient gain x-ray laser scheme with thin foil metal targets has been proposed. This scheme has higher laser energy efficiency and less x-ray laser refraction effect and makes possible to generate shorter x-ray wavelength with a compact table-top sized laser system. The electron temperatures of plasmas heated with a short pre pulse and short main pulse have been calculated with 1D hydrodynamic code and obtained electron temperature higher than 1 keV and 20 J laser energy. X-ray laser propagation is also calculated with gain guiding effect.
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