LiDAR technology plays a vital role in various applications, including autonomous driving, environmental monitoring, and robotics. Accurate target detection is a crucial task in LiDAR systems to ensure the precise identification of objects and obstacles. However, the absence of clear standards for LiDAR system design parameters poses challenges in determining the optical system configurations. This paper focuses on a procedure that determines the necessary resolutions in LiDAR systems, with a specific emphasis on target detection algorithms. The investigation methodology encompassed the steps involved in scenario generation, capturing LiDAR point cloud data, and evaluating the obtained LiDAR data. Multiple widely-used algorithms are selected to represent diverse approaches to object detection. The paper concludes by summarizing the derived angular resolution requirements for each algorithm. By incorporating these findings, developers can optimize LiDAR system configurations to meet the specific demands of their application domains, ultimately enhancing the performance and reliability of LiDAR applications.
While most of the efforts in the development of vehicle headlamps are focused on the design of high-resolution visible beam distributions, recent research shows the possibilities of using a near-infrared auxiliary headlamp for machine vision. Contrary to previous non-imaging approaches not designed to attenuate parts of the beam, this feature can supplement missing light during low-beam driving. This paper aims to evaluate various emitters and optical concepts for an auxiliary near-infrared headlamp, with particular emphasis on etendue and power density. Firstly, the system requirements for an automotive headlamp consisting of a visible and near-infrared source are discussed. Secondly, we evaluate differnent design approaches to the optical system with focus on the near-infrared subsystem. Consequently, the optomechatronical system is discussed, looking at optics, electronics and mechanics seperately.
Automotive headlamps equipped with high-resolution modulator technology can provide comfort and safety features like a glare-free high beam and road projections. Previous research has shown the importance of beam shaping for automotive headlamps with a peak of the illuminance in the center of the FoV for longer viewing range. The peak of the illuminance can be achieved through the use of a distorting optical system, which is proved for a homogenously illuminated DMD. However, DMD-based headlamps are limited in their use due to systemic disadvantages. In particular, luminous efficacy and contrast are advantages of µLED-Array over illuminated DMDs, which can be further exploited for improved automotive headlamps. In this paper, we present the optical design of a distorting µLED-Array-based headlamp. In particular, we address the challenges of optical design for lambertian emitters and compare the µLED-Array-based system with a DMD-based system. The use of distorting µLED headlamps is evaluated in conclusion.
High-performance LiDAR systems play an important role in autonomous driving by providing a high-resolution 3D representation of the driving environment. Complementing version-based object detection, LiDAR systems must furnish reliable and appropriate information for the vehicle. Current LiDAR systems for vehicle applications prefer to be solid-state to achieve high system robustness. However, the lack of beam steering limits the beam flux density and thus the detection range of a solid-state LiDAR system. One of the main reasons is that the emitted irradiant flux must be distributed to a large number of pixels of a focal plane array detector, which results in a single pixel receiving only a small optical power. To increase the optical power reaching at the detector, this paper investigates the influence of different beam shaping methods on the detection range. Subsequently, an irradiation pattern to maximize the detection range for solid-state LiDAR systems is determined. Based on the determined irradiation pattern, we propose an optical concept for both the emitter and detector sides of the solid-state LiDAR system.
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