Mr. Todd E. Lizotte Profile

Todd E. Lizotte

President & CEO at BOLD Laser Automation, Inc.

SPIE Involvement:

Conference Program Committee | Author | Editor

Publications (51)

Proceedings Article | 1 November 2018 Presentation + Paper

Laser beam shaping for UV laser-based micromachining of micro-gauge dielectric coated wire

Todd Lizotte, Joe Dagher, Orest Ohar

Proceedings Volume 10744, 107440Y (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2323001

KEYWORDS: Ultraviolet radiation, Excimers, Dielectrics, Excimer lasers, Beam delivery, Micromachining, Laser ablation, Beam shaping, Diode pumped solid state lasers, Imaging systems

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Older wire-based interconnection technology has a way of finding new applications. In many cases traditional wire provides a means for overcoming the shortfalls of the latest and most sophisticated micro flex circuit techniques. Use of wire seems somewhat antiquated. However small gauge coated wire, such as 38-gauge (0.004” diameter) stainless steel, offers benefits when applied to newer medical and automotive sensor applications where coiling or excessive vibration requires a wire connection with greater flexibility. Years ago, wire conductors of this size were used in precision applications such as read/write heads for disk drives, only to be replaced by more efficient assembly methods that leveraged the use of micro flex circuits. Even with these changes in the marketplace, newer applications emerge that benefit from such small wire, coated with a dielectric such as Teflon or polyimide. This trend has led to a resurgence for precision wire stripping or precision laser micromachining technology. UV laser micromachining, utilizing imaging of a laser beam, such as an Excimer or UV DPSS laser, provides a minimally thermal ablative process for the removal of dielectric coatings while minimizing the heat affected zone on the underlying exposed wire. These laser beams are first shaped to illuminate an aperture that is then imaged to perform a high finesse ablation process to remove away the coating in precise locations along the wire. This paper outlines several laser beam shaping techniques used to ablate such micro-sized wires and wire harnesses with an emphasis on laser beam shaping methods that are commonly used as well as techniques that allow for maximum throughput. Techniques are explored such as using single sided and retroreflective optics in conjunction with the laser imaging and beam shaping system. Evaluation of a retroreflective wire stripping technique with performance results showing the sophistication of such simple optical designs are presented.

Proceedings Article | 28 September 2013 Paper

Beam shaping diffuser based fiber injection for increasing stability of industrial robotic laser applications

Todd Lizotte, Fred Dickey

Proceedings Volume 8843, 88430H (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2029490

KEYWORDS: Diffusers, Robotics, Fourier transforms, Fiber lasers, Beam shaping, Fiber couplers, Laser applications, Pulsed laser operation, Fiber coupled lasers, Fiber optics

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Proceedings Article | 22 September 2011 Paper

Reducing beam shaper alignment complexity: diagnostic techniques for alignment and tuning

Todd Lizotte

Proceedings Volume 8130, 81300I (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.895954

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Ultraviolet radiation, Optical alignment, Diagnostics, Laser systems engineering, Beam delivery, Beam shaping, Laser optics, Coating, Laser safety

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Safe and efficient optical alignment is a critical requirement for industrial laser systems used in a high volume manufacturing environment. Of specific interest is the development of techniques to align beam shaping optics within a beam line; having the ability to instantly verify by a qualitative means that each element is in its proper position as the beam shaper module is being aligned. There is a need to reduce these types of alignment techniques down to a level where even a newbie to optical alignment will be able to complete the task. Couple this alignment need with the fact that most laser system manufacturers ship their products worldwide and the introduction of a new set of variables including cultural and language barriers, makes this a top priority for manufacturers. Tools and methodologies for alignment of complex optical systems need to be able to cross these barriers to ensure the highest degree of up time and reduce the cost of maintenance on the production floor. Customers worldwide, who purchase production laser equipment, understand that the majority of costs to a manufacturing facility is spent on system maintenance and is typically the largest single controllable expenditure in a production plant. This desire to reduce costs is driving the trend these days towards predictive and proactive, not reactive maintenance of laser based optical beam delivery systems [10]. With proper diagnostic tools, laser system developers can develop proactive approaches to reduce system down time, safe guard operational performance and reduce premature or catastrophic optics failures. Obviously analytical data will provide quantifiable performance standards which are more precise than qualitative standards, but each have a role in determining overall optical system performance [10]. This paper will discuss the use of film and fluorescent mirror devices as diagnostic tools for beam shaper module alignment off line or in-situ. The paper will also provide an overview methodology showing how it is possible to reduce complex alignment directions into a simplified set of instructions for layman service engineers.

Proceedings Article | 22 September 2011 Paper

Imaging micro lens array beam integrator system design for fiber injection

Fred Dickey, Todd Lizotte

Proceedings Volume 8130, 81300N (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.896738

KEYWORDS: Imaging systems, Imaging arrays, Fiber lasers, Diffraction, System integration, Prototyping, Analytical research, Speckle pattern, Lens design, Beam delivery

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2011 Paper

Comparing flat top and Gaussian focal beam shapes when micromachining steel

Todd Lizotte, Orest Ohar

Proceedings Volume 8130, 81300G (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.895955

KEYWORDS: Micromachining, Surface roughness, Beam shaping, Surface finishing, Diode pumped solid state lasers, Laser processing, Pulsed laser operation, Ultraviolet radiation, Laser ablation, Laser drilling

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Proceedings Article | 19 February 2011 Paper

Laser beam alignment and profilometry using diagnostic fluorescent safety mirrors

Todd Lizotte

Proceedings Volume 7913, 79130F (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.880768

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Beam delivery, Ultraviolet radiation, Safety, Laser systems engineering, Coating, Diagnostics, Visible radiation, Dielectrics, Laser safety

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There are a wide range of laser beam delivery systems in use for various purposes; including industrial and medical applications. Virtually all such beam delivery systems for practical purposes employ optical systems comprised of mirrors and lenses to shape, focus and guide the laser beam down to the material being processed. The goal of the laser beam delivery is to set the optimum parameters and to "fold" the beam path to reduce the mechanical length of the optical system, thereby allowing a physically compact system. In many cases, even a compact system can incorporate upwards of six mirrors and a comparable number of lenses all needing alignment so they are collinear. One of the major requirements for use of such systems in industry is a method of safe alignment. The alignment process requires that the aligner determine where the beam strikes each element. The aligner should also preferably be able to determine the shape or pattern of the laser beam at that point and its relative power. These alignments are further compounded in that the laser beams generated are not visible to the unaided human eye. Such beams are also often of relatively high power levels, and are thereby a significant hazard to the eyes of the aligner. Obvious an invisible beam makes it nearly impossible to align laser system without some form of optical assistance. The predominant method of visually aligning the laser beam delivery is the use of thermal paper, paper cards or fluorescing card material. The use of paper products which have limited power handling capability or coated plastics can produce significant debris and contaminants within the beam line that ultimately damage the optics. The use of the cards can also create significant laser light scatter jeopardizing the safety of the person aligning the system. This paper covers a new safety mirror design for use with at various UV and Near IR wavelengths (193 nm to 1064 nm) within laser beam delivery systems and how its use can provide benefits covering eye safety, precise alignment and beam diagnostics.

Proceedings Article | 17 February 2011 Paper

Laser beam uniformity and stability using homogenizer-based fiber optic launch method: square core fiber delivery

Todd Lizotte

Proceedings Volume 7894, 78940Y (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.881438

KEYWORDS: Laser therapeutics, Imaging systems, Beam delivery, Fiber optics, Prototyping, Laser systems engineering, Laser stabilization, Light-emitting diode therapy, Beam shaping, Laser beam diagnostics

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Proceedings Article | 9 September 2010 Paper

MLA fiber injection for a square core fiber optic beam delivery system: design versus prototype results

Todd Lizotte, Fred Dickey

Proceedings Volume 7652, 765228 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.868987

KEYWORDS: Prototyping, Beam delivery, Fiber optics, Thin films, Beam shaping, Speckle pattern, Beam splitters, Homogenization, Laser processing, Micro optics

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Proceedings Article | 3 September 2010 Paper

An overview of micro-optical components and system technology: bulk, planar, and thin-film for laser initiated devices

Todd Lizotte

Proceedings Volume 7795, 77950B (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.862446

KEYWORDS: Optical components, Semiconductor lasers, Micro optics, Lenses, Beam splitters, Mirrors, Thin films, Axicons, Micromirrors, Beam shaping

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Proceedings Article | 3 September 2010 Paper

Polymer waveguide technology: optical connectivity for small form factor applications

Todd Lizotte

Proceedings Volume 7795, 77950F (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.862442

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides, Diffusion, Mirrors, Refractive index, Fabrication, Image processing, Optical communications, Fiber optics

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Planar polymer waveguides provide opportunities for small form factor distribution of laser light for communication, energy transfer and triggering devices used in the field of optically initiated arming, safing, fusing and firing. The two primary methods or classes of polymer waveguide technology use photolithographic processes both mask and maskless techniques. A waveguide is a device that controls the propagation of an electromagnetic wave so that the wave is forced to follow a path defined by the physical structure of the guide. Fabrication takes the form of both a ridge technology (ridge or trench formed by an embossing or etching method) and the second fabrication technique and the subject of this paper is termed Diffusion Technology [1]. This method includes the formation of a high refractive index waveguide by monomer diffusion into the light-exposed guide forming region with no mechanical or chemical etching contact. An essential process feature here is the photomask-defined light exposure of a mobile monomer waveguide forming region in a polymer matrix that converts the monomer to a polymer. The process of continued monomer diffusion into the surrounding guide imaged region increases the density. The addition of other laminated monomer/polymer diffusing layers with the typical three-plus layer configuration is completely photopolymerized after diffusion is complete. The essential steps include a light induced imaging reaction, a total polymerization light fixing for the entire film, and final cure, all using pre-coated dry materials without waveguide side wall contact. Light and molecular diffusion determine the guide walls [1]. This paper will provide testing results and information on the state of polymer waveguides, the methods of fabrication and the general conditions that these waveguides can operate under. The use of polymer waveguides for connectivity has sufficiently advanced, is practical and available for consideration in near term application development with the field of arming, safing, fusing and firing or laser/optically initiated ordnance.

Proceedings Article | 16 August 2010 Paper

The potential for optical beam shaping of UV laser sources for mass scale quarantine disinfection applications

Todd Lizotte

Proceedings Volume 7789, 77890J (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.862375

KEYWORDS: Ultraviolet radiation, Laser sources, Lamps, UV optics, Solid state lasers, Reflectivity, Beam shaping, Diffusion, Diffusers, Solid state electronics

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Recent events concerning H1N1 "swine flu", have demonstrated to the world the significant potential of rapid increases in death and illness among all age groups and even among the healthy population [1] when a highly infectious influenza virus is introduced. In terms of mass casualties due to a pandemic, preparedness and response planning must be done. One course of action to prevent a pandemic outbreak or reduce the impact of a bioterrorist event is the use of isolation or quarantine facilities. The first level of isolation or quarantine is within the personal residence of the person exposed or infected. In the case where, the specific virus is extremely contagious and its onset of symptoms is rapid and severe, there will be a need for the deployment and setup of larger self contained quarantine facilities. Such facilities are used to house infectious individuals to minimize the exposure of susceptible individuals to contagious individuals, especially when specialized care or treatment is required and during the viral shedding period (5 to 7 days). These types of facilities require non-shared air conditioning, heating and ventilating systems where 100% of air is vented to the outside through a series of disinfection systems and staged filters. Although chemical disinfection is possible, there is a desire to incorporate intense UV radiation as a means to deactivate and disinfect airborne virus within hospital settings and isolated mass scale quarantine facilities. UV radiation is also being considered for disinfection of contaminated surfaces, such as table tops, walls and floors in hospitals and temporary quarantine facilities. In such applications the use of UV bulb technology can create many problems, for instance bulb technology requires numerous bulbs to treat a large volume of air, generates significant heat, uses significant power and does not produce large fluxes of UV light efficiently. This paper provides several methods of creating quarantine level disinfection systems using high intensity UV laser sources instead of UV bulb techniques by using laser beam shaping optics in conjunction with traditional optical laser beam delivery techniques.

Proceedings Article | 16 August 2010 Paper

UV-laser-based longitudinal illuminated diffuser (LID) incorporating diffractive and Lambertian reflectance for the disinfection of beverages

Todd Lizotte

Proceedings Volume 7789, 77890I (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.862376

KEYWORDS: Ultraviolet radiation, Diffusers, Reflectivity, Laser induced damage, Microorganisms, Laser sources, Beam shaping, Solid state lasers, Quartz, Industrial chemicals

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A novel laser beam shaping system was designed to demonstrate the potential of using high power UV laser sources for large scale disinfection of liquids used in the production of food products, such as juices, beer, milk and other beverage types. The design incorporates a patented assembly of optical components including a diffractive beam splitting/shaping element and a faceted pyramidal or conically shaped Lambertian diffuser made from a compression molded PTFE compounds. When properly sintered to an appropriate density, as an example between 1.10 and 1.40 grams per cubic centimeter, the compressed PTFE compounds show a ~99% reflectance at wavelengths ranging from 300 nm to 1500 nm, and a ~98.5% refection of wavelengths from 250 nm to 2000 nm [1]. The unique diffuser configuration also benefits from the fact that the PTFE compounds do not degrade when exposed to ultraviolet radiation as do barium sulfate materials and silver or aluminized mirror coatings [2]. These components are contained within a hermetically sealed quartz tube. Once assembled a laser beam is directed through one end of the tube. This window takes the form of a computer generated diffractive splitter or other diffractive shaper element to split the laser beam into a series of spot beamlets, circular rings or other geometric shapes. As each of the split beamlets or rings cascade downward, they illuminate various points along the tapered PTFE cone or faceted pyramidal form. As they strike the surface they each diffuse in a Lambertian reflectance pattern creating a pseudo-uniform circumferential illuminator along the length of the quartz tube enclosing the assembly. The compact tubular structure termed Longitudinal Illuminated Diffuser (LID) provides a unique UV disinfection source that can be placed within a centrifugal reactor or a pipe based reactor chamber. This paper will review the overall design principle, key component design parameters, preliminary analytic and bench operational testing results.

Proceedings Article | 16 August 2010 Paper

Laser beam homogenization, splitting and three spot image formation: system design, analysis and testing

Todd Lizotte, Fred Dickey, Dan Brown

Proceedings Volume 7789, 77890A (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.862171

KEYWORDS: Prisms, Imaging systems, Optical design, Beam splitters, Prototyping, Homogenization, Image processing, Lens design, Image acquisition, Analytical research

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Proceedings Article | 16 August 2010 Paper

Axicons, prisms and integrators: searching for simple laser beam shaping solutions

Todd Lizotte

Proceedings Volume 7789, 778902 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.862169

KEYWORDS: Axicons, Beam shaping, Prisms, Gaussian beams, Reflectivity, Patents, Beam splitters, Laser processing, Laser drilling, Beam delivery

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Proceedings Article | 14 May 2010 Paper

Influence of fiber injection on square fiber optic homogenizer

Todd Lizotte

Proceedings Volume 7717, 77170C (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.855998

KEYWORDS: Speckle pattern, Prototyping, Fiber optics, Beam splitters, Thin films, Laser development, Laser processing, Micro optics, Optical fibers, Laser sources

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Proceedings Article | 28 April 2010 Paper

Dynamic 3D visual analytic tools: a method for maintaining situational awareness during high tempo warfare or mass casualty operations

Todd Lizotte

Proceedings Volume 7709, 770912 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.855909

KEYWORDS: Situational awareness sensors, Visualization, Optical spheres, Visual analytics, Warfare, Chemical elements, 3D modeling, Homeland security, Natural disasters, Information security

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2009 Paper

Tracking illicit small arms trafficking: implementation of Intentional Firearm Microstamping (IFM) to small arms and light weapons imports and exports

Todd Lizotte, Orest Ohar

Proceedings Volume 7483, 74830T (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.830133

KEYWORDS: Firearms, Weapons, Forensic science, Manufacturing, Geographic information systems, Associative arrays, Border security, Control systems, Statistical analysis, Scanning electron microscopy

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The illicit trafficking in small arms is an international problem with grave consequences to those who live in less developed nations. To stop any form of trafficking it is important to ensure the ability to track weapons to their sources, there must be a common international system for the marking and tracing of weapons. Under current international law, states may adopt various different weapons marking systems, complicating the identification of the country-of-origin of a weapon [1]. However, these marking technologies are only good for those firearms that are recovered or captured. By instituting Intentional Firearm Microstamping (IFM) a technology that provides a link to a serial or production build number, by embossing the IFM code on to the cartridge that is fired and ejected at the scene. IFM will provide critical forensic intelligence in regions of conflict by helping to identify patterns, trafficking routes and ultimately shut down illicit arms sources and markets that fuel the violence associated with regional genocide, terrorism and/or insurgency groups within warzones. Intentional Firearm Microstamping (IFM) technology will provide a rapid and accurate cartridge-to-firearm identification process, enabling law enforcement both national and international to quickly pursue international arms dealers and other illicit firearm markets. Intentional Firearm Microstamping (IFM) is a patented technology and trace solution where intentional tooling marks are formed or micromachined onto firearms interior surfaces that come into contact or impact the surfaces of cartridge casings. The IFM tooling marks can take the form of alphanumeric codes or encoded geometric codes, such as a barcode. As the firearm is discharged the intentional tooling marks transfer a code to the cartridge casing before it is ejected out of the firearm. When recovered at the scene of an incident, the intentional firearm microstamped cartridge can indentify a specific firearm, without the need to recover that firearm. This paper will explain the key attributes of Intentional Firearm Microstamping technology; including its implementation and application benefits such as developing border security controls and law enforcement capacity world wide to combat illicit trafficking of firearms to terrorists, gangs and/or fueling regional conflicts. The data generated by IFM will be discussed and its application to spatial and temporal mapping of trafficking patterns and other criminal patterns.

Proceedings Article | 26 September 2009 Paper

Laser formed intentional firearm microstamping technology: counterinsurgency intelligence gathering tool

Todd Lizotte, Orest Ohar

Proceedings Volume 7483, 74830R (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.830102

KEYWORDS: Firearms, Defense and security, Computer security, Information security, Operational intelligence, Weapons, Geographic information systems, Laser applications, Forensic science, Warfare

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Warfare relies on effective, accurate and timely intelligence an especially critical task when conducting a counterinsurgency operation [1]. Simply stated counterinsurgency is an intelligence war. Both insurgents and counterinsurgents need effective intelligence capabilities to be successful. Insurgents and counterinsurgents therefore attempt to create and maintain intelligence networks and fight continuously to neutralize each other's intelligence capabilities [1][2]. In such an environment it is obviously an advantage to target or proactively create opportunities to track and map an insurgent movement. Quickly identifying insurgency intelligence assets (Infiltrators) within a host government's infrastructure is the goal. Infiltrators can occupy various areas of government such as security personnel, national police force, government offices or military units. Intentional Firearm Microstamping offers such opportunities when implemented into firearms. Outfitted within firearms purchased and distributed to the host nation's security forces (civilian and military), Intentional Firearm Microstamping (IFM) marks bullet cartridge casings with codes as they are fired from the firearm. IFM is incorporated onto optimum surfaces with the firearm mechanism. The intentional microstamp tooling marks can take the form of alphanumeric codes or encoded geometric codes that identify the firearm. As the firearm is discharged the intentional tooling marks transfer a code to the cartridge casing which is ejected out of the firearm. When recovered at the scene of a firefight or engagement, the technology will provide forensic intelligence allowing the mapping and tracking of small arms traffic patterns within the host nation or identify insurgency force strength and pinpoint firearm sources, such as corrupt/rogue military units or police force. Intentional Firearm Microstamping is a passive mechanical trace technology that can be outfitted or retrofitted to semiautomatic handguns and military rifles to assist in developing real time intelligence providing a greater level of situational awareness. Proactively Microstamping firearms that are introduced and distributed to the host nation's security forces, it will become easier to track the firearms if they go missing or end up on the black market in the hands of an insurgency. This paper will explain the technology and key attributes of microstamping technology, test data showing its ability to identifying a specific firearm, examples of implementation strategies and to what extent data could be utilized in war zone security and counterinsurgency intelligence operations.

Proceedings Article | 29 August 2009 Paper

Extracting ballistic forensic intelligence: microstamped firearms deliver data for illegal firearm traffic mapping: technology, implementation, and applications

Orest Ohar, Todd Lizotte

Proceedings Volume 7434, 74340G (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828465

KEYWORDS: Firearms, Forensic science, Scanning electron microscopy, Statistical analysis, Analytical research, Photomicroscopy, Manufacturing, Stochastic processes, Geographic information systems, Computing systems

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Over the years law enforcement has become increasingly complex, driving a need for a better level of organization of knowledge within policing. The use of COMPSTAT or other Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) for crime mapping and analysis has provided opportunities for careful analysis of crime trends. By identifying hotspots within communities, data collected and entered into these systems can be analyzed to determine how, when and where law enforcement assets can be deployed efficiently. This paper will introduce in detail, a powerful new law enforcement and forensic investigative technology called Intentional Firearm Microstamping (IFM). Once embedded and deployed into firearms, IFM will provide data for identifying and tracking the sources of illegally trafficked firearms within the borders of the United States and across the border with Mexico. Intentional Firearm Microstamping is a micro code technology that leverages a laser based micromachining process to form optimally located, microscopic "intentional structures and marks" on components within a firearm. Thus when the firearm is fired, these IFM structures transfer an identifying tracking code onto the expended cartridge that is ejected from the firearm. Intentional Firearm Microstamped structures are laser micromachined alpha numeric and encoded geometric tracking numbers, linked to the serial number of the firearm. IFM codes can be extracted quickly and used without the need to recover the firearm. Furthermore, through the process of extraction, IFM codes can be quantitatively verified to a higher level of certainty as compared to traditional forensic matching techniques. IFM provides critical intelligence capable of identifying straw purchasers, trafficking routes and networks across state borders and can be used on firearms illegally exported across international borders. This paper will outline IFM applications for supporting intelligence led policing initiatives, IFM implementation strategies, describe the how IFM overcomes the firearms stochastic properties and explain the code extraction technologies that can be used by forensic investigators and discuss the applications where the extracted data will benefit geospatial information systems for forensic intelligence benefit.

Proceedings Article | 25 August 2009 Paper

Vacuum isostatic micro/macro molding of PTFE materials for laser beam shaping in environmental applications: large scale UV laser water purification

Todd Lizotte, Orest Ohar

Proceedings Volume 7430, 74300V (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828458

KEYWORDS: Ultraviolet radiation, Lamps, Reflectivity, Beam shaping, Laser sources, Solid state lasers, Chemical elements, Solid state electronics, Reflection, Ultraviolet sources

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Accessibility to fresh clean water has determined the location and survival of civilizations throughout the ages [1]. The tangible economic value of water is demonstrated by industry's need for water in fields such as semiconductor, food and pharmaceutical manufacturing. Economic stability for all sectors of industry depends on access to reliable volumes of good quality water. As can be seen on television a nation's economy is seriously affected by water shortages through drought or mismanagement and as such those water resources must therefore be managed both for the public interest and the economic future. For over 50 years ultraviolet water purification has been the mainstay technology for water treatment, killing potential microbiological agents in water for leisure activities such as swimming pools to large scale waste water treatment facilities where the UV light photo-oxidizes various pollutants and contaminants. Well tailored to the task, UV provides a cost effective way to reduce the use of chemicals in sanitization and anti-biological applications. Predominantly based on low pressure Hg UV discharge lamps, the system is plagued with lifetime issues (~1 year normal operation), the last ten years has shown that the technology continues to advance and larger scale systems are turning to more advanced lamp designs and evaluating solidstate UV light sources and more powerful laser sources. One of the issues facing the treatment of water with UV lasers is an appropriate means of delivering laser light efficiently over larger volumes or cross sections of water. This paper examines the potential advantages of laser beam shaping components made from isostatically micro molding microstructured PTFE materials for integration into large scale water purification and sterilization systems, for both lamps and laser sources. Applying a unique patented fabrication method engineers can form micro and macro scale diffractive, holographic and faceted reflective structures into fused and semi-fused PTFE materials and compounds for use in UV Reactors. The materials unique attributes provide an unusual but effective hybrid element, by combining Lambertian diffusion and spectral reflective attributes. This paper will provide examples of the applications where this technology could be applied and typical constructions. An overview of UV sources commonly used in water treatment, including high power UV lasers and solid state UV light sources will be discussed. The paper will summarize how beam shaping elements produced in PTFE materials would provide further benefits to the emerging water disinfection or treatment market.

Proceedings Article | 24 August 2009 Paper

355 nm diffractive beam shaper: modes and mechanism of failure and its impact on operational lifetime

Todd Lizotte

Proceedings Volume 7430, 74300T (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828330

KEYWORDS: Beam shaping, Failure analysis, Optical fabrication, Packaging, Laser drilling, Laser systems engineering, Diffractive optical elements, Optical components, Ultraviolet radiation, Contamination

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One of the key tasks of a laser systems field service engineer is to determine where and why an optical system is not performing to specification or why it has failed prematurely. On most occasions, the field service engineer is faced with a completely failed optical system and is left to isolate how and where the failure occurred and if the rest of the system was affected, if at all. Failure modes are the manner whereby the failure itself is observed. Generally speaking, an "optical failure mode" describes the way in which the optical failure happens and its impact on an entire optical system. Optical failure modes of diffractive optical beam shapers must be determined according to each components performance standards as identified through its design and testing. Optical performance standards must be quantified if they are to be upheld. Quantifiable performance standards are more precise than qualitative standards, but each have a role in determining overall performance. If an optical designer or engineer is incapable of specifying precisely, the optical / functional performance they want from the diffractive optical beam shaper, then it is difficult, if not near impossible, to make a field service and maintenance engineer responsible for maintaining optical performance or to identify the possible different failure modes and mechanisms. Performance can be a function of the placement of optics due to routine maintenance or general wear and tear, but there needs to be established means of identifying both circumstances. Diffractive optical element failure mechanisms are straightforward; defined simply as the physical, chemical or other processes that led to the failure of the diffractive optical element itself. This paper outlines schematically the various (Highest Ranked) failure modes and mechanisms encountered by a standard industrial diffractive optical beam shaper operating at 355 nm in an industrial environment. Furthermore, an overview of field data including optical lifetime averages, metrological image data of failed optical elements and methods to prevent premature failure will be shared.

Proceedings Article | 24 August 2009 Paper

Adaptation of an existing diffractive mono-mode beam shaping design to compensate a wavelength change

K. Weible, T. Lizotte

Proceedings Volume 7430, 74300U (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828409

KEYWORDS: Diffractive optical elements, Beam shaping, Etching, Thin films, Laser sources, Silica, Telescopes, Imaging systems, Optical lithography, Beam delivery

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Proceedings Article | 5 May 2009 Paper

Firearm microstamping technology: counterinsurgency intelligence gathering tool

Todd Lizotte, Orest Ohar

Proceedings Volume 7305, 730506 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.819026

KEYWORDS: Firearms, Defense and security, Homeland security, Computer security, Operational intelligence, Weapons, Information security, Geographic information systems, Forensic science, Warfare

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Proceedings Article | 5 May 2009 Paper

Tracking illegal small arms traffic across U.S. borders through the implementation of firearm microstamping to small arms and small arms exports

Todd Lizotte, Orest Ohar

Proceedings Volume 7305, 730504 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.819504

KEYWORDS: Firearms, Forensic science, Manufacturing, Border security, Homeland security, Scanning electron microscopy, Explosives, Microscopy, Geographic information systems, Associative arrays

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At a border security conference in August 2008, Michael Sullivan, acting director of Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives stated that, "Nearly all illegal firearms (90% to 95%) seized in Mexico come from the United States"[1]. When firearms are recovered at a crime scene, the firearms can be traced providing specific details on illegal firearm dealers or straw purchasers within the United States. Criminals or narco terrorist groups target US dealers to source firearms for drug cartels in Mexico and South America. Joint law enforcement programs between the US and Mexico law enforcement have been effective, however, in most cases the firearms that are seized are only a small fraction of the firearms trafficked across the United States border. A technology called Microstamping, when applied to newly manufactured firearms will provide further opportunities for tracing illegal firearms for law enforcement in the United States and across the globe. Microstamping is a patented technology and trace solution where intentional tooling marks are formed or micromachined onto firearms interior surfaces that come into contact or impact the surfaces of cartridge casings. The intentional tooling marks can take the form of alphanumeric codes or encoded geometric codes, such as a barcode. As the firearm is discharged the intentional tooling marks transfer a code to the cartridge casing before it is ejected out of the firearm. When recovered at the scene of an incident, the Microstamped cartridge can indentify a specific firearm, without the need to recover that firearm. Microstamping provides critical intelligence for use in border security operations and cross border violent drug related crime investigations. This paper will explain the key attributes of microstamping technology; including its potential benefits in border security operations and how data gathered from the technique can be used in geospatial information systems to identify illicit firearm sources, trafficking routes, as well as spatial and temporal mapping of narco-terrorist movements on either side of the border.

Proceedings Article | 11 September 2008 Paper

UV beam shaper alignment sensitivity: grayscale versus binary designs

Todd Lizotte

Proceedings Volume 7062, 70620K (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.796080

KEYWORDS: Beam shaping, Binary data, Laser drilling, Etching, Optical alignment, Photomasks, Ultraviolet radiation, Silica, Optical design, Plasma etching

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Proceedings Article | 11 September 2008 Paper

Laser beam shaper alignment and analysis techniques

Todd Lizotte, Orest Ohar, Tracie Tuttle

Proceedings Volume 7062, 70620F (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.796085

KEYWORDS: Optical alignment, Beam shaping, Optical components, Sensors, Glasses, Optical mounts, Laser drilling, Profilometers, Ultraviolet radiation, Etching

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Proceedings Article | 3 September 2008 Paper

Beam shaping for laser initiated optical primers

Todd Lizotte

Proceedings Volume 7070, 707005 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.796584

KEYWORDS: Firearms, Explosives, Computer generated holography, Beam shaping, Laser optics, Optics manufacturing, Laser energy, Optical components, Laser development, Patents

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Proceedings Article | 3 September 2008 Paper

Forensic firearm identification of semiautomatic handguns using laser formed microstamping elements

Todd Lizotte, Orest Ohar

Proceedings Volume 7070, 70700K (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.796521

KEYWORDS: Firearms, Forensic science, Scanning electron microscopy, Manufacturing, Microscopy, Optical microscopy, Microscopes, Light sources and illumination, Laser marking, Analytical research

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For well over one hundred years the science of Firearm and Tool Mark Identification has relied on the theory that unintentional random tooling marks generated during the manufacture of a firearm onto its interior surfaces are unique to each individual firearm.^[1][2] Forensic Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners have had to rely on the analysis of these randomly formed unintentional striations, or scratches and dings, transferred onto ammunition components from firearms used to commit crimes, as a way of developing clues and evidence. Such transfers take place during the cycle of fire and ejection of the cartridge from the firearm during the commission of a crime. The typical striations on the cartridge casings are caused by tooling marks that are randomly formed during the machining of interior surfaces of the manufactured firearm and by other firearm components that come in contact with the cycling ammunition. Components like the firing pin, extractor and ejector, impact the surfaces of the cartridges as they are fed, fired and ejected from the firearm. When found at a crime scene, these striae constitute ballistic evidence when effectively analyzed by a Forensic Firearm and Tool Mark Examiner. Examiners categorize these striations looking for matches to be made between the components that created the marks and the recovered firearm. Reality is that nearly 50% of firearms used in violent crimes are not recovered at a crime scene, requiring the analysis to be processed and logged into evidence files or imaged into reference image databases for future comparison whenever a firearm might be recovered. This paper will present a unique law enforcement technology, embedded into firearms for tracking the sources of illegally trafficked firearms, called Microstamping. Microstamping is a laser based micromachining process that forms microscopic "intentional structures and marks" on components within a firearm. Thus when the firearm is fired, these microstamp structures transfer an identifying tracking code onto the expended cartridge ejected from the firearm. Microstamped structures are laser micromachined alpha numeric and encoded geometric tracking numbers, linked to the serial number of the firearm. Ballistic testing data will be presented covering microstamp transfer quality, transfer rates and survivability/durability. Further information will provide an overview on how microstamping information can be utilized by law enforcement to combat illegal firearm trafficking.

Proceedings Article | 25 April 2008 Paper

Vacuum isostatic micro molding of reflective micro-optical structures into polytetrafluoroethylene materials

Todd Lizotte, Orest Ohar

Proceedings Volume 6994, 69940M (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.781362

KEYWORDS: Particles, Reflectivity, Industrial chemicals, Diffusers, Optical properties, Environmental sensing, Fabrication, Additive manufacturing, Aluminum, Heat treatments

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 24 April 2008 Paper

Vacuum isostatic micro molding of microfluidic structures into polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) materials

Todd Lizotte

Proceedings Volume 6993, 69930C (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.781423

KEYWORDS: Microfluidics, Biomedical optics, Particles, Industrial chemicals, Surface finishing, Chemical analysis, Heat treatments, Biological research, Diagnostics, Fabrication

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 26 September 2007 Paper

Innovative optical technique speeds up LED wafer scribing production

Leon Chen, Richard Hsu, Robbie Lee, Todd Lizotte

Proceedings Volume 6663, 66630J (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.736470

KEYWORDS: Semiconducting wafers, Light emitting diodes, Beam splitters, Wafer-level optics, Laser applications, Diffractive optical elements, Laser optics, Ultraviolet radiation, Beam delivery, Process engineering

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 12 September 2007 Paper

Wafer dicing utilizing unique beam shapes

Todd Lizotte, Orest Ohar

Proceedings Volume 6663, 66630L (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.732129

KEYWORDS: Beam shaping, Laser processing, Diode pumped solid state lasers, Semiconductor lasers, Semiconducting wafers, Silicon carbide, Optical components, Optical design, Computer generated holography, Light emitting diodes

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 12 September 2007 Paper

Laser profile uniformity at the image plane: comparing hard and digital apertures illuminated by a diffractive optical beam shaper

Todd Lizotte

Proceedings Volume 6663, 66630A (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.732135

KEYWORDS: Beam shaping, Beam delivery, Laser drilling, Image processing, Laser processing, Imaging systems, Digital imaging, Diffraction, Materials processing, Laser applications

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 12 September 2007 Paper

Vacuum isostatic micro molding of diffractive structures into PTFE materials

Todd Lizotte, Orest Ohar

Proceedings Volume 6663, 66630E (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.736221

KEYWORDS: Particles, Industrial chemicals, Diffusers, Flat panel displays, Reflectivity, Microfluidics, Fabrication, Biomedical optics, Additive manufacturing, Aluminum

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 12 September 2007 Paper

Beam shaping for cosmetic hair removal

Todd Lizotte, Tracie Tuttle

Proceedings Volume 6663, 66630K (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.732140

KEYWORDS: Lamps, Beam shaping, Microlens array, Skin, Optical filters, Microlens, Xenon, Light sources, Spherical lenses, Homogenization

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Proceedings Article | 13 March 2007 Paper

Structured beam shaping for precision laser dicing of multilayered substrates

Todd Lizotte, Orest Ohar

Proceedings Volume 6458, 64580X (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.702299

KEYWORDS: Beam shaping, Optical design, Semiconductor lasers, Diode pumped solid state lasers, Micromachining, Optical components, Fiber lasers, Computer generated holography, Laser processing, Silicon carbide

Read Abstract +

Laser dicing of wafer based devices; such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) is multifaceted since these devices are formed from various materials in a layered structure. Many of these layers include active device materials, passivation coatings, conductors and dielectric films all deposited on top of a bulk wafer substrate and all potentially having different ablation thresholds. These composite multi-layered structures require high finesse laser processes to ensure yields, high quality and low cost. Such processes have become very complex over the years as new devices become miniaturized, requiring smaller micro-machined features, greater precision and reduction of thermal stress to minimize substrate micro-cracking and maintain device integrity over its projected lifetime. Newer laser processes often involve the sequential use of single or multiple diode pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers, such as UV DPSS (355nn, 266nm), VIS DPSS (~532 nm) and IR DPSS (1064nm, 1070nm) as well as DPFL (Diode Pumped Fiber Lasers) lasers to penetrate various and differing material layers and substrates including SiC, Silicon and Sapphire. Development of beam shaping optics with the purpose of permitting two or more differing energy densities within a single focused or imaged beam spot would provide opportunities for pre-processing or pre-scribing of thinner cover layers, while following through with a higher energy density portion to cut through base substrates. This technique is also possible using multiple wavelengths simultaneously for micro-machining or dicing. Using multiple wavelengths offers advantages where high photon energies from such wavelengths as 266 nm can cause adverse effects to doped materials such as silicon or to active device layers such as GaN or other III-V materials deposited on the substrate surface. This paper will describe the development of variable intensity beam shaping optical elements targeting micromachining, dicing and patterning of delicate thin film coatings. Various diffractive and holographic optic designs will be described, with examples, including select functional testing of the optics and examples of the optics use in laser micromachining various materials.

Proceedings Article | 13 March 2007 Paper

Compensator optics to improve the stability of laser beam delivery systems that utilize beam shaping technology

Todd Lizotte

Proceedings Volume 6458, 64580Y (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.702295

KEYWORDS: Beam shaping, Chemical elements, Ultraviolet radiation, Laser systems engineering, Image processing, Optical components, Beam delivery, Laser stabilization, Laser processing, Laser drilling

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 9 September 2006 Paper

Fan out diffractive beam splitter: 5 phase level binary versus 50 phase level grayscale

Todd Lizotte, Orest Ohar

Proceedings Volume 6290, 62900D (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677568

KEYWORDS: Binary data, Beam splitters, Data modeling, Optical fabrication, Photomasks, Etching, Performance modeling, Calibration, Computer aided design, Semiconducting wafers

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 9 September 2006 Paper

Diffractive optic based pitch, roll, and Z axis displacement sensor

Todd Lizotte, Orest Ohar, Tracie Tuttle

Proceedings Volume 6290, 62900H (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.680806

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Beam shaping, Computer generated holography, Surface finishing, Prototyping, Semiconductor lasers, Prisms, Silicon, Polishing, Optical fabrication

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 9 September 2006 Paper

Automated optical function testing of diffractive beam shapers

Todd Lizotte, Orest Ohar

Proceedings Volume 6290, 62900C (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677570

KEYWORDS: Semiconducting wafers, Beam shaping, Optics manufacturing, Etching, Charge-coupled devices, Optical testing, Wafer-level optics, Optical components, Profilometers, Ultraviolet radiation

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 25 April 2006 Paper

Comparing identically designed grayscale (50 phase level) and binary (5 phase levels) splitters: actual versus modeled performance

Todd Lizotte, Orest Ohar, Tracie Tuttle

Proceedings Volume 6187, 61870C (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.661390

KEYWORDS: Binary data, Beam splitters, Data modeling, Optical fabrication, Performance modeling, Etching, Photomasks, Calibration, Computer aided design, Semiconducting wafers

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 25 April 2006 Paper

Grayscale fabrication errors and their impact on beam shaper performance

Todd Lizotte

Proceedings Volume 6187, 61870N (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.661396

KEYWORDS: Beam shaping, Etching, Optical components, Optical fabrication, Data modeling, Calibration, Photoresist processing, Lithography, Semiconducting wafers, Optical testing

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 1 March 2006 Paper

Production excimer drilling process for producing micron exit holes in polyimide

Todd Lizotte, Orest Ohar

Proceedings Volume 6106, 610605 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.654971

KEYWORDS: Excimers, Excimer lasers, Imaging systems, Beam delivery, Sensors, Materials processing, Feedback control, Feedback loops, Attenuators, Laser systems engineering

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 30 August 2005 Paper

Actual performance vs modeled performance of diffractive beam splitters

Todd Lizotte, Richard Rosenberg, Orest Ohar

Proceedings Volume 5876, 58760I (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.618549

KEYWORDS: Beam splitters, Etching, Binary data, Performance modeling, Data modeling, Photomasks, Optical fabrication, Optical components, Calibration, Ultraviolet radiation

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 29 September 2004 Paper

Comparison of diffractive inline and offset beam shaper designs

Todd Lizotte, Orest Ohar

Proceedings Volume 5525, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.560629

KEYWORDS: Beam shaping, Optical components, Optical alignment, Profilometers, Laser applications, Diffractive optical elements, Diffraction, Optical design, Gaussian beams, Ultraviolet radiation

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 26 February 2004 Paper

The use of holographic and diffractive optics for optimized machine vision illumination for critical dimension inspection

Todd Lizotte, Orest Ohar

Proceedings Volume 5265, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.512000

KEYWORDS: Inspection, Machine vision, Fiber optic illuminators, Beam shaping, Light sources, Holography, Optical design, Optical components, Light, Computer aided design

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 3 November 2003 Paper

Beam shaping for micro via drilling, dicing, and microtrimming

Todd Lizotte

Proceedings Volume 5175, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.506134

KEYWORDS: Beam shaping, Laser drilling, Diffraction, Laser applications, Imaging systems, Image quality, Ultraviolet radiation, Wafer-level optics, Beam delivery, Materials processing

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 17 October 2003 Paper

Novel beam delivery system for microvia drilling using holographic and refractive optics

Todd Lizotte, Orest Ohar

Proceedings Volume 4977, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.472854

KEYWORDS: Beam delivery, Beam splitters, Beam shaping, Diffraction, Laser applications, Laser drilling, Digital signal processing, Holography, Optical components, Packaging

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 8 April 1996 Paper

Beam optimization for dry cleaning processes

Todd Lizotte, Orest Ohar, Thomas Baker, Terence O'Keeffe

Proceedings Volume 2703, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.237734

KEYWORDS: Semiconducting wafers, Particles, Oxides, Safety, Control systems, Gas handling, Excimer lasers, Thin films, Human-machine interfaces, Deep ultraviolet

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 8 April 1996 Paper

Chemical-free cleaning using excimer lasers

Todd Lizotte, Terence O'Keeffe

Proceedings Volume 2703, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.237737

KEYWORDS: Particles, Oxides, Semiconducting wafers, Thin films, Photons, Excimer lasers, Silicon, Quartz, Process control, Excimers

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 1 February 1994 Paper

Excimer laser as a manufacturing tool

Terence O'Keeffe, Todd Lizotte

Proceedings Volume 2062, (1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.167579

KEYWORDS: Excimer lasers, Manufacturing, Laser processing, Photomasks, Excimers, Absorption, Optical components, Laser development, Fluorine, Tolerancing

Read Abstract +

Showing 5 of 51 publications

Proceedings Volume Editor (9)

SPIE Conference Volume | 30 December 2016

Laser Beam Shaping XVII

SPIE Conference Volume | 28 September 2015

Laser Beam Shaping XVI

SPIE Conference Volume | 6 October 2014

Laser Beam Shaping XV

SPIE Conference Volume | 18 October 2013

Laser Beam Shaping XIV

SPIE Conference Volume | 2 October 2012

Laser Beam Shaping XIII

Showing 5 of 9 publications

Conference Committee Involvement (21)

Laser Beam Shaping XXIV

3 August 2025 | San Diego, California, United States

Laser Beam Shaping XXIII

21 August 2023 | San Diego, California, United States

Laser Beam Shaping XXII

23 August 2022 | San Diego, California, United States

Laser Beam Shaping XXI

1 August 2021 | San Diego, California, United States

Laser Beam Shaping XX

24 August 2020 | Online Only, California, United States

Laser Beam Shaping XIX

11 August 2019 | San Diego, California, United States

Laser Beam Shaping XVIII

20 August 2018 | San Diego, California, United States

Laser Beam Shaping XVII

29 August 2016 | San Diego, California, United States

Laser Beam Shaping XVI

10 August 2015 | San Diego, California, United States

Laser Beam Shaping XV

17 August 2014 | San Diego, California, United States

Laser Beam Shaping XIV

26 August 2013 | San Diego, California, United States

Laser Beam Shaping XIII

13 August 2012 | San Diego, California, United States

Laser Beam Shaping XII

21 August 2011 | San Diego, California, United States

Laser Beam Shaping XI

2 August 2010 | San Diego, California, United States

Optical Technologies for Arming, Safing, Fuzing, and Firing VI

2 August 2010 | San Diego, California, United States

Optical Technologies for Arming, Safing, Fuzing, and Firing V

5 August 2009 | San Diego, California, United States

Laser Beam Shaping X

3 August 2009 | San Diego, California, United States

Optical Technologies for Arming, Safing, Fuzing, and Firing IV

13 August 2008 | San Diego, California, United States

Laser Beam Shaping IX

11 August 2008 | San Diego, California, United States

Laser Beam Shaping VIII

28 August 2007 | San Diego, California, United States

Laser Beam Shaping VII

13 August 2006 | San Diego, California, United States

Showing 5 of 21 Conference Committees

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