The subject of research was the vertical distribution of the concentration of solid particles during temperature inversions. The measurements were carried out using attachments mounted on the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, including sensors for meteorological parameters and particulate matter. The flights were carried out during daylight hours in the absence of clouds at altitudes up to 500 m. It was found that in the presence of temperature inversion, the concentration of PM2.5 aerosol particles decreases with height and positively correlates with relative humidity. These patterns are violated when the atmosphere is polluted with the smoke of a city fire (the ignition area is about 12,500 m2).
PM2.5 particulate matter concentrations were measured at five monitoring posts along the Yenisei River over an area of about 18 km using certified CityAir stations. It has been established that in winter, the average daily concentrations of PM2.5 at these posts change almost the same way. Correlation coefficients are in the range of 0.75-0.96. High concentrations of PM2.5 are due to long periods of adverse meteorological conditions. It is shown that in the surface atmosphere above the Yenisei River, there is an uneven distribution of PM2.5 concentrations.
The system of scientific-research monitoring of the state of the environment in Krasnoyarsk on the basis of the ICM SB RAS geoportal is discussed. Software has been developed for the subsystem for collecting data on photographic fixation of fogging processes over the Yenisei River. Data collection is carried out both from public city surveillance cameras and from a specialized network of IP video cameras. A visual monitoring system has been created that provides for the collection of images from public and private IP surveillance cameras, image processing, uploading to a structured file archive and organizing access through web applications and services. On the basis of the collected data, the problems of searching for patterns of formation of hovering fogs over the Yenisei channel are considered in order to study the effect of a non-freezing polynya on air quality in Krasnoyarsk.
The possibility of using CityAir air monitoring stations for environmental monitoring of particulate matter concentrations in the atmospheric air of an industrial metropolis in the autumn period is analyzed. It is established that the readings of the sensor for the concentration of particulate matter up to 2.5 microns (PM2,5) should be corrected relative to the measurement results obtained at automated observation posts (http://krasecology.ru/). After this adjustment, CityAir stations can be used for environmental monitoring of the Krasnoyarsk air environment. The readings of two of the three weather sensors of the CityAir station need to be corrected. The temperature sensor understates the reading by almost 1.6°C. The relative humidity measurement error is four times higher than the value specified in the CityAir station operating manual.
The influence of smoke from Siberian forest fires on the pollution of the surface layer of the atmosphere of Krasnoyarsk by PM2,5 particulate matter is analyzed. The average daily maximum permissible concentration (35 μg/m3 ) was used as a pollution criterion. The pollution period was 12 days when calculating the average daily concentrations of PM2,5 and 9.5 days when calculating the average hourly concentrations of PM2,5. In the first case, the maximum concentration of PM2,5 was 77.9 μg/m3 , and in the second case 164.5 μg/m3 . At a wind speed of about 6 m/s, the cleaning time for the city’s atmosphere was approximately 80 minutes.
With the help of CityAir air monitoring station, the assessment of pollution of the surface layer of the atmosphere with anticyclones was carried out. It is shown that the concentration of PM2,5 increases in the air environment of the city of Krasnoyarsk with anticyclones. The highest concentration of PM2,5 was observed at the Vetluzhanka post. It is located below all other posts relative to sea level. Among the stations located on the same level the greatest pollution was observed at the Pokrovka station which is located in the central part of the city. The least air pollution with anticyclone is observed near the Yenisei River
The estimation of the influence of climatic factors on the concentration of particulate matter in the surface layer of the atmosphere of the villages of Drokino and Minino was carried out using the CityAir air monitoring station. It is shown that the concentration of PM2,5 increases with increasing atmospheric pressure and lowering the temperature of the air environment. These dependencies are approximated by linear functions (R2 ≥ 0,8). It has been established that concentration PM2,5 exceeds 2,8-4,2 times of the hygienic standard established for the atmosphere of populated areas during periods of anticyclone. With a wind speed of more than 4 m/s, the PM2,5 concentration in the atmospheric surface layer of the villages is lower than the values of daily average concentration.
Since December of 2017 the concentration of PM2,5 in the surface layer of the atmosphere has been continuously monitored at the posts of the Krasnoyarsk regional observation system. Analysis of the data showed that the content of PM2,5 in the air environment of the city of Krasnoyarsk affect first the period of unfavorable meteorological conditions (UMC) and secondly the height of the observation posts above the level of the Yenisei. It is established that the number of days when the concentration of suspended particles exceeds the MPCda is greater than the days of predicted UMC.
PM10 concentrations in the surface layer of the atmosphere of Berezovka are 2-3 times higher in winter than in summer. The daily variation of suspended particle concentrations is characterized by two maxima and two minima. It is more pronounced in January and February than in June and July. Winter maxima are mainly due to the time intervals of 9-11 and 19-21 hours, and summer-on 9-11 and 22-23 h. Minima are due to 4-5 and 15-17 h in winter, and in summer - 4-6 and 14-18 h. The daily variation of PM2.5 is similar to the daily variation of PM10 in winter. The difference is that the concentration of PM2,5 increases to values that are significantly higher in the evening than in the afternoon. Air pollution is associated with coal heating of individual houses in the village and the daily variation of the concentration of PM is determined by the heating regime of dwellings.
The periods of unfavorable meteorological conditions (UMC) do not coincide with the periods of contamination of suspended particles PM10. There are cases when during the regime of the UMS is not happening the pollution of the atmosphere by aerosol particles. At UMС the pollution of suspended particles in different parts of the city differs as the concentration of the aerosol and the duration of the negative impact on people's health.
The photosynthesis plays an important role in the spatiotemporal variability of the content of dissolved gases and biogenic elements in Baikal water. At the same time, the sampling of representative water samples for analysis with the use of direct methods for measurement of the biomass of plankton algae and the intensity of photosynthesis in the entire lake depth (maximum depth exceeds 600 m) is connected with many technical and material difficulties. To a certain extent, they can complement the express methods of fluorescent analysis. This work continues the study of the influence of physical, hydrological, chemical, and biological processes on the СО2 exchange in the “water-atmosphere” system of Lake Baikal. The aim of this work was to examine the spatial (vertical and horizontal) distribution of fluorescent characteristics obtained in spring voyages of combined research expeditions all over the Baikal water area in 2010-2016.
From presents own experimental data and literature analysis it follows that in cases where the maximum fluorescence intensity (Fm) of plant leaves was determined using the PAM fluorimeter (Walz, Germany), the dependence of Fm on the relation of total chlorophyll concentration to carotenoid concentration (which was determined according to Wintermans I. F., De Mots A, 1965; D. Wettstein, 1957) is characterized by a linear equation.
Sunflower plants were grown in the laboratory under continuous light on the ground, the sand and the liquid medium. Fluorescence parameters were measured using PAM fluorimeter (Walz, Germany) and optical spectrophotometric sensor CCM-200 plus, Opti-Sciences, USA). The change of parameters of Fo, Fm, Fv/Fm, ETR and CCI in leaves after addition of oil at a concentration of 6 g/kg is investigated. It is shown that the parameters CCI and ETR (electron transport rates) are most sensitive to oil pollution. The value of the CCI in sunflower leaves increased (compared to control) after the addition of oil in the soil and decreased after the addition of oil in sand and liquid culture medium.
The effect of adverse weather conditions (AWC) on the fluorescence parameters of leaves Prinsepia sinensis, Amelanchier florida, Crataegus chlorocarca is obtained. However, significant changes in the fluorescence of the leaves of Acer negundo, Betula pendula under AWC were not observed.
Using fluorimeter Junior PAM (Heinz Walz GmbH, Germany) the fluorescence parameters of leaves of Betula pendula are investigated. A linear dependence of the maximum fluorescence (Fm) of leaves from the ratio of total chlorophylls concentration to concentration of carotenoids is obtained. Such dependence is found for samples collected during the period of vegetation and for simultaneous selection of colored leaves.
We study the effect of physical, chemical and biological processes on gas exchange of CO2 in the air-water system in Lake Baikal. Photosynthesis of aquatic biota is known to play a crucial role in changing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the water. Fluorescent methods are considered to be of high performance in problems of determining quantitative characteristics of biomass, however they require preliminary calibration directly for a specific type of plankton. In the pelagic zone of Lake Baikal the species composition, quantitative and spatial distribution of phytoplankton are characterized by strong spatial and temporal variability. Therefore, the fluorescent devices calibration on a single reference does not provide acceptable accuracy of quantitative assessment of the biomass. The results discussed in the paper were obtained by shipboard measurements during the Baikal campaign of 2010-2011. Correlation between the biomass in 25-meter water layer and the integral value of the fluorescent signal in this layer was obtained for calibration. The report discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the chosen methods and the results of retrieval of the vertical profiles of the biomass for stations in the pelagic zone of Lake Baikal in spring for the 2010-2011 biennium.
Using fluorimetry Junior PAM (Heinz Walz GmbH, Germany) fluorescence parameters of leaves Prinsepia sinensis, Crataegus chlorocarca M, Acer negúndo, Bétula péndula are studied. It was found that the dependence of maximum fluorescence (Fm) plants on the concentration of chlorophyll depends on the sampling method during of vegetation. The correctness of sampling proves during vegetation is substantiated.
From materials of forwarding researches follows, that the depth of deposition of the bottom border of bioluminescence
plankton has not correlation with any of measurable hydrological parameters. As the reaction of bioluminescence is
oxygen depended, it was logical to assume, that the situation of the bottom maximum of luminescence plankton is
determined by concentration of oxygen. The data of vertical distribution of bioluminescence intensity of plankton and
concentration of oxygen received in the Black Sea and near to east coast of America were investigated. Is established,
that the deep maximum of bioluminescence of plankton is found out between isooxygen 0.35 and 0.20 ml/l. At
concentration of oxygen in water is lower 0.10-0.20 ml/l the bioluminescence of plankton it is not found out.
In the given work the results of research of concentration dependence of fluorescence for leaves of a birch are resulted.
The change of parameter F682/F734 in process of vegetation is described by two parabolas. One parabola describes the
period when the increase of chlorophylls concentration to the maximal meaning is observed, and second-period of
aging of a leaf. The minimum of the first parabola is observed at chlorophyll concentration in leaves during flowering
of a birch, and second - before the beginning of leaves colouring. The indexes, which reflect potential photosynthetic
activity in two lengths of waves - 682 and 734 nm, are most informative parameters of red and far-red fluorescence of
leaves of a birch and an early harbinger of morphological changes leaves of trees.
In a period of El Nino the intensity of plankton luminescence and physicochemical water parameters in the water area of the Peruvian upwelling were measured. It is shown that the correlation (R2 = 0.81-0.95) exists between the location of bioluminescence extremes, the salinity gradient, and the oxygen concentration. The distribution of chlorophyll fluorescence maximum coincided with the location of pycnocline (R2 = 0.85). The spatial distribution of intensities of bioluminescence and fluorescence in the region of research was different. It is assumed that this is due to the properties of plankton forming the light fields in the ocean.
In this paper the dependence of the F682/F734 on the concentration in plants, grown under continuous light and natural photoperiod is studied. For natural photoperiod the duration of light for all probes was the same, as since leaves with different colors are selected at a time. It is shown, the dependence of the F682/F734 ratio on chlorophyll concentration in plant, grown under high-intensity continuous is described by a parabolic function and under intermittent light - exponential function. Third type of concentration dependence of the parameter F682/F734 was obtained in leaves of poplar in the process of vegetation under study of fluorescence and pigment characteristics. The dependence has complicated character and known functions cannot describe it. It is concluded, that all known dependences of the F682/F734 ratio on concentration of chlorophyll to this moment are used to concrete conditions of growth of plants and the method of probes choice for measurement. Now the universe function, connecting the relation between red and far-red fluorescence with chlorophyll content, is not existed.
The researches of bioluminescence and fluorescence fields were executed in surface waters of Pacific Ocean. Temperature of water was simultaneously registered. Under rise of the temperature bioluminescence increased in 85% cases, and fluorescence decreased. The fluorescence increased if the temperature decreased. It is significant that the change of luminscence either preceded the temperature front or it followed for him. The scales of heterogeneities of phytoplankton fluorescence were 30-60 km and the exceeding of average value of fluorescence peaks on background was approximately 35%. The heterogeneities of bioluminescence field achieved 100 km and exceeded the background in the ten and more times.
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