An arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) is an attractive device for use in a WDM network because it offers multi-channel operation, design flexibility and suitability for mass production. AWGs fabricated using silica-based planar lightwave circuit (PLC) technologies are excellent in terms of loss and long-term stability, and so are widely used in commercial DWDM systems. This paper reviews recent progress on the AWG as regards improving its performance, especially with a view to eliminating polarization sensitivity. It also describes large-scale and compact AWGs formed using high-index contrast waveguides and fiber-connection methods using spot size converters. The second half of the paper reviews recent studies on functional devices incorporating thermo-optic (TO) switches and variable optical attenuators (VOAs).
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