An H2WO4(aq)-based sol processing route has been developed to allow the ink jet printing of photocatalytically active
WO3 films. The effect of different heat treatment atmospheres and the addition of triethanolamine upon the structure,
composition, optical properties and IPCE response of films printed upon conducting glass substrates (ITO) have been
studied using x-ray diffraction, Raman microscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy and photocurrent spectroscopy. It has been
discovered that heat treatment under a nitrogen atmosphere inhibits formation of a well defined crystal structure but may
extend the tail of the IPCE response curve into the visible range as far as 700 nm. Likewise, the presence of
triethanolamine in the precursor sol tends to disrupt the WO3 crystallization process leading to the formation of
amorphous material and residual organic material in the heat treated film. However, UV-visible spectroscopy of these
films indicates optical absorption similar to that of crystalline WO3 except with increased absorption in the visible region
from 350 nm to 600 nm. These observations are supported by ab initio calculations predicting that the incorporation of
nitrogen into the monoclinic WO3 lattice leads to band gap narrowing and the introduction of mid-gap states.
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