Optical bistability and multistability are very important phenomena that are used as basic principles in the design of optical devices. In this work, a three-layer structure (substrate, film and coating), in which the film is an optically nonlinear liquid crystal, was investigated. The structure was exposed to the laser radiation field with power I0 and frequency ω. The dependence of the film dielectric constant on the modulus of the electric vector was expressed by via a polynomial function, which includes the second and fourth powers of the modulus. Expressions for the electrical intensity vector in each layer and, based on them, the power P of the energy flow were obtained using solutions to the Maxwell’s equations. In some cases, these solutions, expressed via Jacobi functions, transform into soliton solutions. We found that the power P depends nonlinearly on the effective refractive index. The bistability and multistability phenomena, which play an important role in designing and manufacturing new materials with controlled optical properties, which serve as media in which bi- or multi-stability phenomena occur, have been studied. In these cases, the corresponding solutions may vary widely due changes in the boundary conditions, which, in turn, affect the boundaries of the stability regions.
Although the interaction of electromagnetic waves with dispersed systems has been studied for many decades, a number of important problems still remain unresolved. This primarily applies to systems with nonlinear properties composed of smaller particles, such as nano- and meso-particles. Also, since the interaction of electromagnetic waves with dispersed media leads to various induced effects, modeling the disperse media properties requires the problems of the interaction of the electromagnetic wave with disperse particles have to be solved simultaneously with the coupled heat and mass transfer problem with accounting for heating, evaporation and other effects, which that appear, for example, during interaction of the electromagnetic field with liquid crystal particles. The interaction of electromagnetic waves with nano- and meso-particles is particularly important when modeling and designing numerous technologies of nanomaterial manufacturing. In this work, the interaction of electromagnetic waves with a two-layer spherical nanostructure was investigated. The propagation of longitudinal electromagnetic waves, the influence of which can be very important in the case of meso- and nano-sized particles, and the influence of electromagnetic radiation on thermophysical processes were studied simultaneously. A new algorithm for modeling the interaction of longitudinal electromagnetic waves with the systems being studied here was developed using the solution of the Maxwell-Schrödinger equations. Several relevant examples of the interaction of electromagnetic waves with nonlinear media were investigated and the possibility of the Aharonov-Bohm effect for longitudinal waves, associated with the influence of the quantum nature of nanoparticles, was pointed out. The possibility of a noticeable contribution of longitudinal waves as components of the electromagnetic field in the case of meso- and nanosystems was pointed out. The densities of the heat sources caused by transverse and longitudinal waves were derived, heat exchange with these heat sources was studied, and the possibilities of phase transitions such as melting and evaporation caused by the heat sources were also explored. Here we also show that near the critical point, the relationship for the heat capacity in the form of a power function of the ratio of the difference between the critical temperature and the media temperature to the critical temperature can be expressed in terms of the densities of the heat sources caused by the transverse and longitudinal waves.
In this paper, we investigate the propagation of electromagnetic radiation in a model planar three-layer waveguide with a nonlinear dielectric layer (film) with accounting for the absorption of radiation in each layer and the second-order dependence of the dielectric permittivity on the electric field amplitude. In this model, absorption was taken into account as an imaginary component of the dielectric permittivity and electric field strength. In order to compute the electric field strength, Maxwell's equations, the finite-difference method and matrix sweep method with simple iterations were used. The energy flux of guided waveguide modes was determined using the Poynting vector, which depends on the amplitude of the electric field strength. A nonlinear dependence of the electromagnetic radiation flux on the effective refractive index, which characterizes the wave velocity, was pointed out and optical bistability, where the same value of the flux corresponds to two values of the effective refractive index, was revealed. The developed model, which explicitly account for the impact of the absorption coefficient on the transmission of electromagnetic radiation, can be used to design optoelectronics and integrated optics, such as nonlinear waveguides, optical switches, and various optical devices based on the use of optical bistability. It was shown how the regions of optical bistability change depending on the thickness of the nonlinear layer and the dielectric constants of the waveguide components. Since waveguide layers considered here are of micro- and nano-size, the Casimir force can play an important role in the propagation of electromagnetic waves, which, at a certain ratio of the dielectric constants of the waveguide layers, manifests itself as a repulsive force arising between the dielectric layers of the waveguide. The nonlinear nature of the transfer of electromagnetic waves was found to lead to a bistable dependence of the Casimir-Lifshitz repulsive force on the effective refractive index. The change in the film layer thickness due to the Casimir-Lifshitz repulsive force was also investigated. It was found that the presence of multimode waveguide modes for wavelengths of ~ 10 nm can significantly reduce energy losses during the propagation of electromagnetic waves in nanostructures.
In this study, a new method for identifying the key indicators and dependencies in processing images of helical surfaces of conical cutters at the main stages of the production cycle, which is based on the relationships between the shape of the cutting edges, the angle of inclination of the helical flute, clearance angle, color intensity and image brightness, has been developed. Design and geometric parameters were exported from the simulations with the model created by the automated system for designing conical cutters, which determines the dimensions, shape and geometric parameters of the cutting part of the tool. The identified dependencies allow determining the active zone and the transfer coefficient at the interface between the rear surface and the measuring machine and a stable connection is carried out with a group of cutting part parameters obtained from the results of the CAD system. A high-resolution image of the flank surface boundary zone is scanned with an optical camera on a specialized machine, and the improved method was used to quantitatively calculate the boundary The controlled measurements of a set of point coordinates and geometric parameters of the helical surface of a conical cutter forms a system for a comprehensively studying the designs of conical cutters and the physical mechanisms of their production using image analysis based on the developed indicator interpretation system, which is a foundation for a unified digital cyber-physical production system to be developed. The combination of improved performance or expanded functional capabilities with increased rigidity and reliability, which enables the processing of a wider range of structural designs of part surfaces, is the primary competitive advantage of the new generation of cutting tools with unique working surface geometries. These tools are designed and manufactured using a developed cyberphysical system from contemporary tool materials. With the least amount of frames, the new method's application enables the quickest possible identification of findings that are appropriate for monitoring the back surface of the cutting tool class under consideration.
In this work, the generation of electromagnetic radiation of a wide spectrum, including microwave and terahertz ranges using three-dimensional ordered nanostructures such as photonic crystals were measured. Generation occurred when the exciting electron beam, created by linear accelerator LINAC-200, passed along the planes of orientation of the globules of the photonic crystal. By varying the orientation of the photonic crystal relative to the electron beam and the beam energy, a tunable narrowband microwave and terahertz source with a peak power at 10 W was created. Our experiments involved a set of photonic crystals with different globule diameters and elemental compositions and also included comparative studies using samples of dielectric and semiconductor monocrystals and powders with monodisperse globule sizes. We found that that electromagnetic radiation from single crystals has a similar frequency structure to that of a photonic crystal in the form of a set of narrow-band peaks with a width at half maximum of ~ several MHz appearing in the case, when the beam is passing along the crystallographic orientation axis of the single crystal.
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