Today, the combination of high angular resolution and high revisit rate is not readily available from space, at least not at a reasonable cost. Many applications in the science, civil or defense domains would benefit from having access to detailed images of the ground as often as possible, in order to study temporal evolutions of specific events. The high angular resolution requires large optics hence large platforms, whereas the revisit rate requires constellations of multiple satellites and therefore small and affordable platforms. We proposed the concept of a deployable telescope onboard a CubeSat, called AZIMOV [1, 3, 5], to address this specific gap. Reaching a diameter of 30 cm once deployed, this concept gives access to a meter resolution on the ground from a Low Earth Orbit, or to a 70 cm resolution on Mars surface from a 400 km polar orbit. We study in this paper the performance of such a telescope in the aggressive thermal environment of space, with respect to the tight optical requirements of the system.
Generally available satellite images, e. g. from the MODIS sensor, provide data in spectral bands, which are suitable for
remote sensing applications and earth surface observations. However, for some applications different bands as well as
specific cloud formations for a certain region may be of interest, thus making the simulation of background data
essential. Therefore, the software MATISSE ("Advanced Modeling of the Earth for Environment and Scenes
Simulation") proved to be the appropriate tool. MATISSE is an infrared background scene generator developed by
ONERA for computing natural background spectral radiance images including atmosphere, sea, land and high and low
altitude clouds. In order to validate the model, comparisons with MODIS satellite data have been carried out using
images in available spectral bands. The investigations comprised selected surface structures like sea, desert, lowland
(dry) and highlands (humid). In general, the results on radiance images show a good correlation between MODIS image
and the MATISSE-simulation.
This paper focuses on comparing results between simulated MATISSE radiance images and the MODIS observations.
Based on this, possible sources of error and the limits of the model are discussed.
MATISSE (Advanced Modeling of the Earth for Environment and Scenes Simulation) is an infrared background scene
generator developed for computing natural background spectral radiance images. The code also provides atmospheric
radiatives quantities along lines of sight. Spectral bandwidth ranges from 0.4 to 14 μm. Natural backgrounds include
atmosphere, sea, land and high and low altitude clouds. The new version MATISSE-v2.0, released this year, has been
designed to treat spatial multi resolution in the generated images in order to be able to reach metric spatial variability in
pixels footprints. Moreover, MATISSE-v2.0 includes a new sea surface radiance model (water waves and surface optical
properties) which depends on wind speed, wind direction and fetch value. Preliminary validations using radiometric
measurements have been conducted concerning sea radiances and give promising results. In order to go further in the
validation process of MATISSE-v2.0, comparisons with MODIS satellite images have been led. The results of
comparing the simulated MATISSE images radiances with the MODIS observations show that the code is performing
well. This paper gives a description of MATISSE-v2.0 new functionalities and focus on first results on comparison
between MATISSE/MODIS images radiances.
MATISSE which acronym means Advanced Modeling of the Earth for Environment and Scenes Simulation is an
infrared background scene generator developed by Onera since the mid 1990'. MATISSE main goal is to compute
radiance images of natural backgrounds and radiative quantities such as local illumination, spectral transmission, and
spectral radiance along lines of sight.
The new version MATISSE-v2.0 has been completed during the first quarter of 2010 and the public version is going to
be released in few weeks. This latest version uses a multi resolution spatial scheme in order to treat the natural
backgrounds with spatial footprint from kilometre sizes (satellite viewing) down to metric sizes. Up to now, this spatial
scheme has been used in order to generate infrared images of sea surface. The new sea surface model (water waves and
surface optical properties) has been partially validated by using a specific Mediterranean campaign. MATISSE-v2.0 is
also accompanied with a new set of GUI (graphical user interface) in order to help the user in defining its computational
case. The code is also designed in order to be interfaced with other applications.
Our presentation will be devoted to a description of MATISSE-v2.0 new features, with examples of sea surface scenes
exemplifying the new code functionalities.
The SE-WORKBENCH workshop, also called CHORALE (French acceptation for "simulated Optronic Acoustic Radar
battlefield") is used by the French DGA (MoD) and several other Defense organizations and companies all around the
World to perform multi-sensors simulations. CHORALE enables the user to create virtual and realistic multi spectral 3D
scenes that may contain several types of target, and then generate the physical signal received by a sensor, typically an
IR sensor.
The SE-WORKBENCH can be used either as a collection of software modules through dedicated GUIs or as an API
made of a large number of specialized toolkits.
The SE-WORKBENCH is made of several functional block: one for geometrically and physically modeling the terrain
and the targets, one for building the simulation scenario and one for rendering the synthetic environment, both in real and
non real time.
Among the modules that the modeling block is composed of, SE-ATMOSPHERE is used to simulate the atmospheric
conditions of a Synthetic Environment and then to integrate the impact of these conditions on a scene. This software
product generates an exploitable physical atmosphere by the SE WORKBENCH tools generating spectral images. It
relies on several external radiative transfer models such as MODTRAN V4.2 in the current version.
MATISSE [4,5] is a background scene generator developed for the computation of natural background spectral radiance
images and useful atmospheric radiative quantities (radiance and transmission along a line of sight, local illumination,
solar irradiance ...). Backgrounds include atmosphere, low and high altitude clouds, sea and land. A particular
characteristic of the code is its ability to take into account atmospheric spatial variability (temperatures, mixing ratio, etc)
along each line of sight. An Application Programming Interface (API) is included to facilitate its use in conjunction with
external codes.
MATISSE is currently considered as a new external radiative transfer model to be integrated in SE-ATMOSPHERE as a
complement to MODTRAN. Compared to the latter which is used as a whole MATISSE can be used step by step and
modularly as an API: this can avoid to pre compute large atmospheric parameters tables as it is done currently with
MODTRAN. The use of MATISSE will also enable a real coupling between the ray tracing process of the SEWORKBENCH
and the radiative transfer model of MATISSE. This will lead to the improvement of the link between a
general atmospheric model and a specific 3D terrain.
The paper will demonstrate the advantages for the SE WORKEBNCH of using MATISSE as a new atmospheric code,
but also for computing the radiative properties of the sea surface.
MATISSE is a background scene generator developed for the computation of natural background spectral radiance
images and useful atmospheric radiatives quantities (radiance and transmission along a line of sight, local illumination,
solar irradiance ...). The spectral bandwidth ranges from 0.4 to 14 μm. Natural backgrounds include atmosphere (taking
into account spatial variability), low and high altitude clouds, sea and land. The current version MATISSE-v1.5 can be
run on SUN and IBM workstations as well as on PC under Windows and Linux environment. An IHM developed under
Java environment is also implemented.
MATISSE-v2.0 recovers all the MATISSE-v1.5 functionalities, and includes a new sea surface radiance model
depending on wind speed, wind direction and the fetch value. The release of this new version in planned for April 2009.
This paper gives a description of MATISSE-v1.5 and MATISSE-v2.0 and shows preliminary comparison results
between generated images and measured images during the MIRAMER campaign, which hold in May 2008 in the
Mediterranean Sea.
In this paper we present MATISSE 1.1 a new background scene generator, whose goal is to compute spectral or integrated radiance images of natural background, as well as the transmission of a hot gas signature.
The spectral bandwidth for this version of the code is from 750 to 3300 cm-1 (3 to 13 μm) with a 5 cm-1 resolution. Gaseous absorption is computed by a Correlated K model. The spatial variability of atmospheric quantities (temperatures and mixing ratios, among others) is taken into account, using variable profiles along the line of sight.
Natural backgrounds include the atmospheric background, low altitude clouds and the Earth ground. The radiation models used are designed for observation at low spatial resolution of clouds and soils, so a texture model was developed to increase the high spatial resolution rendering in the metric range.
Intermediate outputs of the code deliver radiance and transmission restricted to a single line of sight, in which case atmospheric refraction effects are taken into account. Along this line of sight the transmission can also be computed using a line-by-line model, which is useful to propagate the radiation emitted by a hot gas source (fires, aircraft or missile plume).
MATISSE 1.1 was released in June 2002, so this paper is devoted to a presentation of the first results obtained with the code and some validation tests.
MATISSE is a new atmospheric radiative transfer code currently under development at Onera. Its purpose is to compute background radiance images by taking into account atmospheric, cloud and ground radiation and the variability of atmospheric properties. Propagation is calculated using a Correlated K model (CK) developed at Onera. The spectral range is between 3 to 13 micrometers with a resolution of 5 cm-1. Weather forecast outputs and aerosol climatology are used as inputs to account for spatial variability of atmospheric properties in radiance computations. Partial stratocumulus cloud cover can be generated and the radiation computations use Independent Pixel Approximation (IPA) and Bidirectional Reflectivity Distribution Functions (BRDF). Ground emission and reflectance are computed from spectral emissivities, BRDF and a simple thermal model for the local ground temperature. Databases include a Digital Terrain Elevation (DTED) and a land use database with 30' spatial resolution. Texture models are used to add realistic ground and cloud clutter down to 10 meter resolution. A line-by-line model is included to compute the spectral intensity propagated from high temperature exhaust plumes. Refraction effects are computed, but only along one single line of sight.
Engine management optimization and waste exhaust-gas control require engine transients measurements. The infrared tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy method can measure absolute molecule concentrations, gas temperature and pressure at high rate. The technique has been improved to measure NO or CO concentrations, as well as temperature and pressure of engine exhaust-gas. Measurements with a time resolution of one millisecond have been achieved in one of the cylinder exhaust pipe without any gas sampling.
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