Ms. Elisabeth W. Fitzhugh Profile

Elisabeth W. Fitzhugh

at SRA International Inc

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Proceedings Article | 7 May 2009 Paper

Human factors guidelines for applications of 3D perspectives: a literature review

Sharon Dixon, Elisabeth Fitzhugh, Denise Aleva

Proceedings Volume 7327, 73270K (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.820853

KEYWORDS: 3D displays, Visualization, 3D applications, 3D visualizations, Military display technology, Defense technologies, 3D modeling, 3D image processing, Network security, Data modeling

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Once considered too processing-intense for general utility, application of the third dimension to convey complex information is facilitated by the recent proliferation of technological advancements in computer processing, 3D displays, and 3D perspective (2.5D) renderings within a 2D medium. The profusion of complex and rapidly-changing dynamic information being conveyed in operational environments has elevated interest in possible military applications of 3D technologies. 3D can be a powerful mechanism for clearer information portrayal, facilitating rapid and accurate identification of key elements essential to mission performance and operator safety. However, implementation of 3D within legacy systems can be costly, making integration prohibitive. Therefore, identifying which tasks may benefit from 3D or 2.5D versus simple 2D visualizations is critical. Unfortunately, there is no "bible" of human factors guidelines for usability optimization of 2D, 2.5D, or 3D visualizations nor for determining which display best serves a particular application. Establishing such guidelines would provide an invaluable tool for designers and operators. Defining issues common to each will enhance design effectiveness. This paper presents the results of an extensive review of open source literature addressing 3D information displays, with particular emphasis on comparison of true 3D with 2D and 2.5D representations and their utility for military tasks. Seventy-five papers are summarized, highlighting militarily relevant applications of 3D visualizations and 2.5D perspective renderings. Based on these findings, human factors guidelines for when and how to use these visualizations, along with recommendations for further research are discussed.

Proceedings Article | 7 May 2009 Paper

Toward the establishment of design guidelines for effective 3D perspective interfaces

Elisabeth Fitzhugh, Sharon Dixon, Denise Aleva, Eric Smith, Joseph Ghrayeb, Lisa Douglas

Proceedings Volume 7327, 732708 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.820826

KEYWORDS: Fiber optic gyroscopes, Visualization, Copper, 3D displays, Information visualization, Research management, Data modeling, 3D applications, 3D image processing, Optical spheres

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The propagation of information operation technologies, with correspondingly vast amounts of complex network information to be conveyed, significantly impacts operator workload. Information management research is rife with efforts to develop schemes to aid operators to identify, review, organize, and retrieve the wealth of available data. Data may take on such distinct forms as intelligence libraries, logistics databases, operational environment models, or network topologies. Increased use of taxonomies and semantic technologies opens opportunities to employ network visualization as a display mechanism for diverse information aggregations. The broad applicability of network visualizations is still being tested, but in current usage, the complexity of densely populated abstract networks suggests the potential utility of 3D. Employment of 2.5D in network visualization, using classic perceptual cues, creates a 3D experience within a 2D medium. It is anticipated that use of 3D perspective (2.5D) will enhance user ability to visually inspect large, complex, multidimensional networks. Current research for 2.5D visualizations demonstrates that display attributes, including color, shape, size, lighting, atmospheric effects, and shadows, significantly impact operator experience. However, guidelines for utilization of attributes in display design are limited. This paper discusses pilot experimentation intended to identify potential problem areas arising from these cues and determine how best to optimize perceptual cue settings. Development of optimized design guidelines will ensure that future experiments, comparing network displays with other visualizations, are not confounded or impeded by suboptimal attribute characterization. Current experimentation is anticipated to support development of cost-effective, visually effective methods to implement 3D in military applications.

Proceedings Article | 7 May 2009 Paper

Understanding the operational environment: implications for advanced visualizations

Denise Aleva, Elisabeth Fitzhugh, Sharon Dixon

Proceedings Volume 7327, 73270A (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.821011

KEYWORDS: Visualization, Warfare, Systems modeling, Information visualization, Systems engineering, Defense and security, 3D displays, Analytical research, Artificial intelligence, Data communications

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With the changing character of warfare, information superiority is a high priority. Given the complexity of current and future operating environments, analysts, strategists and planners need a multidimensional understanding of the battlespace. Asymmetric warfare necessitates that our strategists look beyond targets-based operations, where we simply identify and destroy enemy entities. Effects-based operations models the enemy as a system which reacts to our actions. This requires the capability to predict the adversary response to a selected action. Actions may be diplomatic, information, military or economic (DIME). Effects may be political, military, economic, social, information or infrastructure (PMESII). Timing must be explicitly considered and effects dynamically assessed. Visualizations of intelligence information are needed which will promote full understanding of all aspects of adversary strengths and weaknesses by providing the extensive data about adversary forces, organic essentials, infrastructure, leadership, population, and science and technology in an easily accessible and understandable format. This will enhance Effectsbased operations, and therefore, the capability to predict and counter adversary courses of action. This paper outlines a systems engineering approach to designing visualizations which convey the multidimensional information to decision makers. Visualization issues inherent in understanding the multidimensional operational environment will be discussed.

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