Optical fiber technologies are very appropriate for using in high voltage equipment due to their excellent characteristics, mainly, immunity to electromagnetic interferences and electrical isolation. After the Smart Grid initiative, the focus for medium voltage (13.8 to 34 kV) smart meters leveraged the development of optical sensors for distribution application. This work provides a historical overview of optical technologies used in power quality monitoring, discussing technological, economics, standards and practical installation aspects. The sensors technologies analyzed in this work are the well-known optical Pockels cells and Faraday Effect, the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and power-over-fiber (PoF).
This paper presents a power over fiber (PoF) voltage and current sensor to be used in high voltage applications. The current sensor is based on a microelectronic hall sensor and the voltage sensor is based on a capacitive voltage divider. The measured signals are transmitted from the unit at high voltage to the unit at ground potential using an innovative pulse width modulation (PWM) multiplexed method. This technique is experimentally demonstrated by measuring voltages and currents up to 1.6 kV and 100 A, respectively.
KEYWORDS: Optical amplifiers, Raman spectroscopy, Backscatter, Sensing systems, Temperature metrology, Signal attenuation, Data modeling, Single mode fibers, Calibration, Standards development
The distributed temperature sensor system based in the spontaneous Raman backscattering is demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge, using a commercial OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) and a standard erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) with controlled gain. We evaluated this approach in a 30 km of single mode fiber using an OTDR pulse width of 100 ns and an EDFA with 17 dBm of output power.
Joao Rosolem, Claudio Hortencio, Claudio Floridia, Danilo Dini, Rivael Penze, Bruno Aires, Fabio Bassan, Rodrigo Morbach, Eduardo da Costa, Felipe Salgado, Rodrigo Peres, João Paulo Fracarolli, Marcus Vinícius Santana, Augusto Cezar Gregatti, Guilherme Muniz, Gerson Amadeo, Gilson Carvalho, Fernando Pertile, Luis Fernando Melegari, Heloisa Herreros, Marcelo Kurokawa, Luis de Avila
This paper presents the results of a field test of a multi-parameters' monitoring network using FBGs adapted directly in the conventional instruments of two dams which are in full operational capability. We presented the details of the design and tests of the sensor’s network, such as, the sensors adaptation, the resolution comparison between the conventional instruments and the FBGs, the network topology, the spectral occupancy distribution considering the parameters optical bandwidth and also the temperature compensation for FBGs, the number of sensors by fiber and the performance of the FBGs sensors compared with the conventional instruments used in the Dams.
In this work we present a comparison between simplex coded and optical amplified simplex coded Raman based Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS). An increase in performance is demonstrated using erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) with proper gain control scheme that allows a DTS operates with simplex code. Using 63-bit simplex code and gain controlled EDFA we demonstrated the temperature resolution and dynamic range improvement in 16 °C @ 10 km and 4 dB, respectively.
This work describes a non-continuous sensor operating technique in order to achieve a long reach sensing system, using power over fiber (PoF) in single mode fiber (SMF). Due to the use of super-capacitors and logical circuits in the sensor unit, the energy provided by PoF can be stored and used in an appropriated time. We demonstrated this approach with a micro video camera sensor powered by a 4.4-km SMF link in laboratory and by a 1.6-km link using optical ground wire cable (OPWG), installed between an electrical power substation and a tower of 138-kV overhead transmission line (OTL).
An electro-optical sensor system for monitoring synchronous compensators in the electrical distribution network is presented. The fiber-optic sensor system is based on two main technologies: optical bend loss sensors for monitoring the brush wear and, free-space optics to determine the dust accumulation from brush wear. Both techniques are characterized to monitor the parameters by means of simple optical power readings. In order to avoid optical power fluctuations in the fiber optics link from interrogation system to the synchronous compensators, bend-loss insensitive fibers are used. The low-cost interrogation system consists on one laser, optical splitters and 80 photodetectors to independently monitor each one of the synchronous compensators’s brushes. This setup ensures an ease installation and avoid cascaded fault that a serial configuration could originates, thus increasing reliability of the sensor system.
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