Dasa (Daimler-Benz Aerospace) currently is in charge of an ESA contract for the PRISM feasibility study, including MATRA MS/France and SIRA/UK. The main PRISM mission objectives are to monitor selected target areas with emphasis on bio-chemical stress analyses which are the subject of changes such as vegetation, in particular deforestation; further areas include glaciers, land/water boundaries, and similar features. The Dasa study team makes use of a similar ESA instrument currently the subject of dedicated subunits technology developments, the HRIS (high resolution imaging spectrometer), also lead by Dasa. Its main features and technology developments are covered in a survey. PRISM is covering most of the HRIS features, i.e., it will have an imaging spectrometer segment for the visible/NIR and the SWIR spectrum (450-2350 nm) as HRIS, but implements four MIR and TIR channels to provide surface temperature data, represented by linear detector arrays (essentially the features of another currently pursued ESA development program designated HRTIR). In a first study phase it also included a novel feature, a wide-angle two-axis pointing system for along- and across-track pointing in order to yield multi-directional reflectance data of dedicated targets, which turned out to be the greatest design driver in the instrument, it was omitted in the later phases. The geometric sampling interval is defined to 50 m (design goal) at 50 km swath. PRISM is currently studied in a feasibility study in a competitive way by two teams, one being lead by Dasa. At the time of the Symposium both studies are completed. The results of the Dasa team are presented. Since PRISM covers most of the HRIS mission it is rather likely that in the case of a successful concept feasibility proof (performance and technology wise), it may later replace the HRIS instrument. It is anticipated that a major part of the technology developments currently performed for HRIS will be utilized -- with some modifications -- for PRISM as well.
The requirements concerning the radiometric accuracy of optical remote sensing systems for earth and environmental observations especially to high resolution imaging spectro- radiometers are increasing more and more. Accurate and conscientious on-ground and in-flight calibration of the sensors is one of the baselines to meet this requirement. From this point of view the polarization sensitivity of the sensors plays an important role because it is present more or less every time. Polarization sensitivity and its changes affect directly the radiometric accuracy of the estimated radiances of the polarized radiation coming from the scenes under investigation. In this paper an equipment for in-flight monitoring the polarization sensitivity of the sensor as part of the calibration procedure is presented. It can be used for measuring the plarization state of the incoming radiation too.
A large variety of optical concepts for imaging spectrometers with high geometrical and spatial resolution have been studied at Dasa/Ottobrunn in various projects, which were funded by national agencies (DLR) and the European Space Agency (ESA). The imaging spectrometers emphasized herein measure spatial images of the upwelling spectral radiance from 400 to 2400 nm at 5 to 15 nm spectral intervals. All concepts are prism/grating designs based on pushbroom imaging, and are designed to fulfill stringent requirements on spatial and spectral registration accuracy. Such imaging spectrometers comprise several critical and challenging subunits such as frontend calibration, pointing, baffling, telescope and spectrometer optics, focal plane assembly, etc. Of these subunits, the paper emphasizes the driving requirements and constraints of the optics. In particular, methods to control and optimize the most critical parameters like polarization, spatial and spectral purity/accuracy, transmission, and image quality are presented. The achieved performances and design inherent properties of all concepts are given.
HRIS is proposed as a spaceborne, high-resolution imaging spectrometer designed to image a variable (+/- 30 degree(s)) 30 km swath with 40 m SSP pixel size in the spectral range from 450 to 2340 nm with an average 10 nm spectral bandwidth. HRIS is conceived as a push-broom imager with two-dimensional detector arrays for spectral and spatial coverage. The challenging requirements for this instrument will be discussed as well as the concept derived against these requirements. Emphasis is on the optical definition, particularly the spectrometer optics, the focal plane assembly--here mostly the hybrid SWIR CMT detector array--and the calibration concept which includes two external references, ratioing radiometers and an internal reference. The other subunits will be described briefly only. The presentation will conclude with a preliminary development plan.
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