Cat’s eye lens make the laser beam retro-reflected exactly to the opposite direction of the incidence beam, called cat’s eye effect, which makes rapid acquiring, tracking and pointing of free space optical communication possible. Study the influence of cat’s eye effect to cat’s eye retro-reflector at large incidence angle is useful. This paper analyzed the process of how the incidence angle and focal shit affect effective receiving area, retro-reflected beam divergence angle, central deviation of cat’s eye retro-reflector at large incidence angle and cat’s eye effect factor using geometrical optics method, and presented the analytic expressions. Finally, numerical simulation was done to prove the correction of the study. The result shows that the efficiency receiving area of cat’s eye retro-reflector is mainly affected by incidence angle when the focal shift is positive, and it decreases rapidly when the incidence angle increases; the retro-reflected beam divergence and central deviation is mainly affected by focal shift, and within the effective receiving area, the central deviation is smaller than beam divergence in most time, which means the incidence beam can be received and retro-reflected to the other terminal in most time. The cat’s eye effect factor gain is affected by both incidence angle and focal shift.
KEYWORDS: Imaging systems, Control systems, Pulsed laser operation, Control systems design, Field programmable gate arrays, Human-machine interfaces, Camera shutters, Video, Image acquisition, Beam controllers
A range-gated laser active imaging controlling system based on ARM+FPGA architecture was designed. In the system, a visual control program was programmed based on ARM to enable users to set control parameters, work mode and watch the result image in time; a high precision synchronous control board based on FPGA was designed to synchronize the semiconductor pulse laser, ICCD camera and other modules precisely. Control parameters and result were exchanged between ARM and FPGA in time. Experiment was done using this system to get target plates’ range-gated images in door, 5ns image gate was achieved. The experimental results show that the system designed has many advantages such as having friendly user interface, integrity function and low-power.
Aiming at improving spatial resolution and dynamic range of video for real-world applications, this paper focuses on the joint super-resolution, high dynamic range image reconstruction algorithm for multiple images captured by single camera. On the assumption that the response function is same at each pixel with different exposures, the joint super resolution and high dynamic range technology can be implemented. We propose a joint super-resolution and high dynamic range imaging algorithm reconstructed from multi-exposure images simultaneously. We conduct experiments under static and dynamic scene to validate the robustness of the proposed approach. Subjective and objective assessments for various experiments are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed super-resolution and high dynamic range reconstruction algorithm.
The laser one-dimensional range profile of a target can be approximated as the convolution of the transmitted laser pulse and the range-resolved laser radar cross section. Therefore, the widening effect caused by the laser pulse is eliminated as much as possible by echo deconvolution, and the resolution of the target laser one-dimensional range profile detection can be improved to some extent. To this end, the Richardson-lucy image iterative deconvolution algorithm is introduced into the laser echo deconvolution. Although the algorithm can eliminate the influence of Poisson noise effectively,In order to further improve the deconvolution effect, wavelet noise reduction is first performed to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the measured data before using the algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by simulation experiments.
Multi video super-resolution algorithms reconstruct high spatio-temporal resolution video by exploiting complementary information in multiple low-resolution video sequences. Aiming at improving spatio-temporal resolution of video for real-world applications, an algorithm is proposed using Maximum Posterior Likelihood - Markov Random Field (MAP-MRF) and implemented on camera array. Compared with the current algorithms for super-resolution reconstruction, the suggested algorithm is advantageous in keeping the edge sharpness and detailed texture, and robust against the noises. The experimental result has confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method under the practical conditions such as large displacement and motion aliasing.
To solve the problems existing in the Modulating retro-reflector optical system which can not simultaneously satisfy the wide field of view, reversibility of light path, small F number and all lens are spherical surface, an optical system with wide field of view and near the diffraction limit is designed. The structure of optical system is optimized and analyzed with an optical design software, 30 degree view field angle and F number of 1.3 CMERR optical system has been designed, all lens are spherical lens and near diffraction limit. The results show that within the whole field of view, the lens retro-reflects incidence beam perfectly, and can match the small size modulator. It ensures the contrast ration of the whole system which has advantages of low cost and easy processing.
Based on the laser range profiles (LRPs), the information of target geometry and movement coefficients can be detected and deduced. In this paper, the theoretical expression is given as well as the convolution model of the target’s LRPs. Primarily, a simulation method for obtaining complex target’s LRPs is introduced and illustrated, which is based on the 3-D modeling and OpenGL. The projection and shading process and the procedure of acquiring the normal of model facet are explained. By using this method the LRPs of complex target in different conditions are obtained conveniently and quickly, then the influences of target’s attitudes, shape, scattering characteristics of surface and emitted pulse width on target’s LRPs are simulated and analyzed. This work is useful to produce abundant LRPs data for target recognition, classification and reflection tomography imaging.
Range-gated three dimensional imaging technology is a hotspot in recent years, because of the advantages of high spatial resolution, high range accuracy, long range, and simultaneous reflection of target reflectivity information. Based on the study of the principle of intensity-related method, this paper has carried out theoretical analysis and experimental research. The experimental system adopts the high power pulsed semiconductor laser as light source, gated ICCD as the imaging device, can realize the imaging depth and distance flexible adjustment to achieve different work mode. The imaging experiment of small imaging depth is carried out aiming at building 500m away, and 26 group images were obtained with distance step 1.5m. In this paper, the calculation method of 3D point cloud based on triangle method is analyzed, and 15m depth slice of the target 3D point cloud are obtained by using two frame images, the distance precision is better than 0.5m. The influence of signal to noise ratio, illumination uniformity and image brightness on distance accuracy are analyzed. Based on the comparison with the time-slicing method, a method for improving the linearity of point cloud is proposed.
High dynamic image is an important technology of photoelectric information acquisition, providing higher dynamic range and more image details, and it can better reflect the real environment, light and color information. Currently, the method of high dynamic range image synthesis based on different exposure image sequences cannot adapt to the dynamic scene. It fails to overcome the effects of moving targets, resulting in the phenomenon of ghost. Therefore, a new high dynamic range image acquisition method based on multiplex cameras system was proposed. Firstly, different exposure images sequences were captured with the camera array, using the method of derivative optical flow based on color gradient to get the deviation between images, and aligned the images. Then, the high dynamic range image fusion weighting function was established by combination of inverse camera response function and deviation between images, and was applied to generated a high dynamic range image. The experiments show that the proposed method can effectively obtain high dynamic images in dynamic scene, and achieves good results.
Aiming to achieve the spatio-temporal alignment of multi sensor on the same platform for space target observation, a joint spatio-temporal alignment method is proposed. To calibrate the parameters and measure the attitude of cameras, an astronomical calibration method is proposed based on star chart simulation and collinear invariant features of quadrilateral diagonal between the observed star chart. In order to satisfy a temporal correspondence and spatial alignment similarity simultaneously, the method based on the astronomical calibration and attitude measurement in this paper formulates the video alignment to fold the spatial and temporal alignment into a joint alignment framework. The advantage of this method is reinforced by exploiting the similarities and prior knowledge of velocity vector field between adjacent frames, which is calculated by the SIFT Flow algorithm. The proposed method provides the highest spatio-temporal alignment accuracy compared to the state-of-the-art methods on sequences recorded from multi sensor at different times.
Non-cooperative moving target multi-view cloud registration is the key technology of 3D reconstruction of laser threedimension imaging. The main problem is that the density changes greatly and noise exists under different acquisition conditions of point cloud. In this paper, firstly, the feature descriptor is used to find the most similar point cloud, and then based on the registration algorithm of region segmentation, the geometric structure of the point is extracted by the geometric similarity between point and point, The point cloud is divided into regions based on spectral clustering, feature descriptors are created for each region, searching to find the most similar regions in the most similar point of view cloud, and then aligning the pair of point clouds by aligning their minimum bounding boxes. Repeat the above steps again until registration of all point clouds is completed. Experiments show that this method is insensitive to the density of point clouds and performs well on the noise of laser three-dimension imaging.
Aiming at the problem of beam scanning in low-resolution APD array in three-dimensional imaging, a method of beam scanning with liquid crystal phase-space optical modulator is proposed to realize high-resolution imaging by low-resolution APD array. First, a liquid crystal phase spatial light modulator is used to generate a beam array and then a beam array is scanned. Since the sub-beam divergence angle in the beam array is smaller than the field angle of a single pixel in the APD array, the APD's pixels respond only to the three-dimensional information of the beam illumination position. Through the scanning of the beam array, a single pixel is used to collect the target three-dimensional information multiple times, thereby improving the resolution of the APD detector. Finally, MATLAB is used to simulate the algorithm in this paper by using two-dimensional scalar diffraction theory, which realizes the splitting and scanning with a resolution of 5 x 5. The feasibility is verified theoretically.
Compressed sensing for breakthrough Nyquist sampling theorem provides a strong theoretical , making compressive sampling for image signals be carried out simultaneously. In traditional imaging procedures using compressed sensing theory, not only can it reduces the storage space, but also can reduce the demand for detector resolution greatly. Using the sparsity of image signal, by solving the mathematical model of inverse reconfiguration, realize the super-resolution imaging. Reconstruction algorithm is the most critical part of compression perception, to a large extent determine the accuracy of the reconstruction of the image.The reconstruction algorithm based on the total variation (TV) model is more suitable for the compression reconstruction of the two-dimensional image, and the better edge information can be obtained. In order to verify the performance of the algorithm, Simulation Analysis the reconstruction result in different coding mode of the reconstruction algorithm based on the TV reconstruction algorithm. The reconstruction effect of the reconfigurable algorithm based on TV based on the different coding methods is analyzed to verify the stability of the algorithm. This paper compares and analyzes the typical reconstruction algorithm in the same coding mode. On the basis of the minimum total variation algorithm, the Augmented Lagrangian function term is added and the optimal value is solved by the alternating direction method.Experimental results show that the reconstruction algorithm is compared with the traditional classical algorithm based on TV has great advantages, under the low measurement rate can be quickly and accurately recovers target image.
By using the geometrical optics and physical optics method, the models of wedge plate interference optical path, Michelson interferometer and Mach Zehnder interferometer thus three different active interference pattern are built. The optical path difference (OPD) launched by different interference patterns, fringe spacing and contrast expression have been derived. The results show that far field interference peak intensity of the wedge plate interference is small, so the detection distance is limited, Michelson interferometer with low contrast affects the performance of detection system, Mach Zehnder interferometer has greater advantages in peak intensity, the variable range of interference fringe spacing and contrast ratio. The results of this study are useful for the theoretical research and practical application of laser active interference detection.
Laser point cloud segmentation is the basis of target splicing or recognition. In this paper, a point cloud segmentation method based on point topology is proposed. The relationship between neighboring points is obtained by the curvature relationship between points. The relationship within point cloud between each point is established, and then the point cloud is divided by cutting the graph. The feature of eigenvalue of the Laplacian matrix realizes the adaptive segmentation. Three different kind of point cloud are tested with the algorithm in this paper and the result show that the algorithm has good performance on point cloud cutting of obvious characteristics and robust to noise.
In this paper, laser radar range profile theory and simulation method are investigated. Laser radar range profile theoretical formula is given based on the theory of Gaussian laser beam, BRDF, and target shape. On the purpose of simulating the range profile of certain targets, the geometrical 3D models of some simple and complex objects are constructed respectively, and then the viewpoint coordinate and target coordinate are established. The location information of vertexes and facets can be obtained and exported to utilize. In next step their laser radar range profiles in many postures are acquired and compared sequentially. The influences of Gaussian pulse width, target shape, size and transmit-receive angles on the simulation results are discussed. In this way this paper can provide theoretical and simulation methods and bases for extracting target features and recognizing targets using laser radar range profiles.
In order to resolve the difficult problem of detection and identification of optical targets in complex background or in long-distance transmission, this paper mainly study the range profiles of “cat-eye” targets using bi-spectrum. For the problems of laser echo signal attenuation serious and low Signal-Noise Ratio (SNR), the multi-pulse laser signal echo signal detection algorithm which is based on high-order cumulant, filter processing and the accumulation of multi-pulse is proposed. This could improve the detection range effectively. In order to extract the stable characteristics of the one-dimensional range profile coming from the cat-eye targets, a method is proposed which extracts the bi-spectrum feature, and uses the singular value decomposition to simplify the calculation. Then, by extracting data samples of different distance, type and incidence angle, verify the stability of the eigenvector and effectiveness extracted by bi-spectrum.
The optical aperture of cat-eye target has the aperture averaging effect to the active detecting laser of active laser detection system, which can be used to identify optical targets. The echo scintillation characteristics of the transmission-type lens target have been studied in previous work. Discussing the differences of the echo scintillation characteristics between the transmission-type lens target and Cassegrain lens target can be helpful to targets classified. In this paper, the echo scintillation characteristics of Cat-eye target’s caliber with Cassegrain lens has been discussed . By using the flashing theory of spherical wave in the weak atmospheric turbulence, the annular aperture filter function and the Kolmogorov power spectrum, the analytic expression of the scintillation index of the cat-eye target echo of the horizontal path two-way transmission was given when the light is normal incidence. Then the impact of turbulence inner and outer scale to the echo scintillation index and the analytic expression of the echo scintillation index at the receiving aperture were presented using the modified Hill spectrum and the modified Von Karman spectrum. Echo scintillation index shows the tendency of decreasing with the target aperture increases and different ratios of the inner and outer aperture diameter show the different echo scintillation index curves. This conclusion has a certain significance for target recognition in the active laser detection system that can largely determine the target type by largely determining the scope of the cat-eye target which depending on echo scintillation index.
Active laser detection technique has a broad application prospect in antimissile and air defense, however the aerodynamic flow field around the planes and missiles cause serious distortion effect on the detecting laser beams. There are many computational fluid dynamics(CFD) codes that can predict the air density distribution and also the density fluctuations of the flow field, it’s necessary for physical optics to be used to predict the distortion properties after propagation through the complex process. Aiming at the physical process of laser propagation in “Cat-eye” lenses and aerodynamic flow field for twice, distortion propagation calculation method is researched in this paper. In the minds of dividing the whole process into two parts, and tread the aero-optical optical path difference as a phase distortion, the incidence and reflection process are calculated using Collins formula and angular spectrum diffraction theory respectively. In addition, turbulent performance of the aerodynamic flow field is estimated according to the electromagnetic propagation theory through a random medium, the rms optical path difference and Strehl ratio of the turbulent optical distortion are obtained. Finally, Computational fluid mechanics and aero-optical distortion properties of the detecting laser beams are calculated with the hemisphere-on-cylinder turret as an example, calculation results are showed and analysed.
Space targets in astronomical images such as spacecraft and space debris are always in the low level of brightness and hold a small amount of pixels, which are difficult to distinguish from fixed stars. Because of the difficulties of space target information extraction, dynamic object monitoring plays an important role in the military, aerospace and other fields, track extraction of moving targets in short-exposure astronomical images holds great significance. Firstly, capture the interesting stars by region growing method in the sequence of short-exposure images and extract the barycenter of interesting star by gray weighted method. Secondly, use adaptive threshold method to remove the error matching points and register the sequence of astronomical images. Thirdly, fuse the registered images by NCST-PCNN image fusion algorithm to hold the energy of stars in the images. Fourthly, get the difference of fused star image and final star image by subtraction of brightness value in the two images, the interesting possible moving targets will be captured by energy accumulation method. Finally, the track of moving target in astronomical images will be extracted by judging the accuracy of moving targets by track association and excluding the false moving targets. The algorithm proposed in the paper can effectively extract the moving target which is added artificially from three images or four images respectively, which verifies the effectiveness of the algorithm.
The analytical expression of beam-width of distorted cat-eye reflected beam under far-field condition is deduced using the approximate three-dimensional analytical formula for oblique detection laser beam passing through cat-eye optical lens with center shelter, and using the definition of second order moment, Gamma function and integral functions. The laws the variation of divergence angle and astigmatism degree of the reflected light with incident angle, focal shift, aperture size, and center shelter ratio are established by numerical calculation, and physical analysis. The study revealed that the cat-eye reflected beam is like a beam transmitted and collimated by the target optical lens, and has the same characteristics as that of Gaussian beam. A proper choice of positive focal shift would result in a divergence angle smaller than that of no focal shift. The astigmatism is mainly caused by incidence angle.
The laser stealth of space target is useful, important and urgent in practice. This paper introduces the definition expression of laser radar cross section (LRCS) and the general laws of the influencing factors of space target’s LRCS, including surface materials types, target’s shape and size. Then this paper discusses the possible laser stealth methods of space target in practical applications from the two view points of material stealth methods and shape stealth methods. These conclusions and suggestions can provide references for the next research thinking and methods of the target’s laser stealth.
KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Signal detection, Electronic filtering, Optical filters, Laser processing, Signal processing, Interference (communication), Laser applications, Laser range finders, Filtering (signal processing)
The multi-pulsed laser ranging technology is prominent on improving the maximum measuring range of laser active detection,laser range finder and other long-distance measurement. For all laser echo detection techniques, the weak signal detection is an important step, which aims to increase the detection range. Most algorithms are based on the priori knowledge of laser echo or the improvement of laser power. However, we cannot know or estimate the waveform accurately in many applications. Moreover, these means are difficult to satisfy the real-time needs. The present paper proposes an improved algorithm which extended the signal accumulation algorithm for the high power burst laser. This method is mainly based on signal accumulation and tri-cumulant algorithm which can improve the signal to noise SNR of the weak laser echo; moreover it does not need more prior knowledge of echo. In order to reduce the detection time, the algorithm is realized based on FPGA using signal retiming and parallel pipeline structure. The simulations and experiments results demonstrate that the minimum detecting SNR is -5dB and the maximum detecting time is only less than 1us.
Cat’s eye lens make the laser beam retro-reflected exactly to the opposite direction of the incidence beam, called cat’s
eye effect, which makes rapid acquiring, tracking and pointing of free space optical communication possible. Study the
influence of cat’s eye effect to cat’s eye retro-reflector at large incidence angle is useful. This paper analyzed the process
of how the incidence angle and focal shit affect effective receiving area, retro-reflected beam divergence angle, central
deviation of cat’s eye retro-reflector at large incidence angle and cat’s eye effect factor using geometrical optics method,
and presented the analytic expressions. Finally, numerical simulation was done to prove the correction of the study. The
result shows that the efficiency receiving area of cat’s eye retro-reflector is mainly affected by incidence angle when the
focal shift is positive, and it decreases rapidly when the incidence angle increases; the retro-reflected beam divergence
and central deviation is mainly affected by focal shift, and within the effective receiving area, the central deviation is
smaller than beam divergence in most time, which means the incidence beam can be received and retro-reflected to the
other terminal in most time. The cat’s eye effect factor gain is affected by both incidence angle and focal shift.
KEYWORDS: High dynamic range imaging, Image fusion, Image processing, Astronomy, Cameras, RGB color model, Mathematical modeling, Data modeling, Data fusion, Charge-coupled devices
Astronomical detection always need high dynamic range image, but there are problems such as underexposure or overexposure in astronomical images taken by commercial camera, this paper proposed the technique that combine establishing the first order difference quotient curve of each pixel with data feature positioning to calculate optimal exposure value of each pixel, which achieves high dynamic range fusion. In this paper, data feature positioning method was firstly utilized to establish mathematical model to calculate optimal exposure point in the first order difference quotient curve of each pixel in the target scene. Correlate optimal exposure point and camera response function to calculate optimal brightness value of each pixel, the fused high dynamic range image will be achieved. Finally, take a series of low dynamic range images with different exposure value by commercial camera, establish mathematical model and calculate to achieve high dynamic range fusion, which verifies the fusion technique proposed in this paper can obtain high dynamic range astronomical images effectively.
The noise of laser images is complex, which includes additive noise and multiplicative noise. Considering the features of laser images, the basic processing capacity and defects of the common algorithm, this paper introduces the fractal theory into the research of laser image denoising. The research of laser image denoising is implemented mainly through the analysis of the singularity exponent of each pixel in fractal space and the feature of multi-fractal spectrum. According to the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the processed image, the laser image processing technique based on fractal theory not only effectively removes the complicated noise of the laser images obtained by range-gated laser active imaging system, but can also maintains the detail information when implementing the image denoising processing. For different laser images, multi-fractal denoising technique can increase SNR of the laser image at least 1~2dB compared with other denoising techniques, which basically meet the needs of the laser image denoising technique.
This paper adopts the High Level Architecture to develop the space-based laser active imaging distribution simulation software system, and designs the system framework which contains three-step workflow including modeling, experimental and analysis. The paper puts forward the general needs of the simulation system first, then builds the simulation system architecture based on HLA and constructs 7 simulation federal members. The simulation system has the primary functions of space target scattering characteristic analysis, imaging simulation, image processing and target recognition, and system performance analysis and so on, and can support the whole simulation process. The results show that the distribution simulation system can meet the technical requirements of the space-based laser imaging simulation.
Based on the cat-eye effect of optical system, free space optical communication based on cat-eye modulating
retro-reflector can build communication link rapidly. Compared to classical free space optical communication system,
system based on cat-eye modulating retro-reflector has great advantages such as building communication link more
rapidly, a passive terminal is smaller, lighter and lower power consuming. The incident angle is an important factor of
cat-eye effect, so it will affect the retro-reflecting communication link. In this paper, the principle and work flow of free
space optical communication based on cat-eye modulating retro-reflector were introduced. Then, using the theory of
geometric optics, the equivalent model of modulating retro-reflector with incidence angle was presented. The analytical
solution of active area and retro-reflected light intensity of cat-eye modulating retro-reflector were given. Noise of PIN
photodetector was analyzed, based on which, bit error rate of free space optical communication based on cat-eye
modulating retro-reflector was presented. Finally, simulations were done to study the effect of incidence angle to the
communication. The simulation results show that the incidence angle has little effect on active area and retro-reflected
light intensity when the incidence beam is in the active field angle of cat-eye modulating retro-reflector. With certain
system and condition, the communication link can rapidly be built when the incidence light beam is in the field angle,
and the bit error rate increases greatly with link range. When link range is smaller than 35Km, the bit error rate is less
than 10-16.
Cat-eye effect has been widely used in active laser detection, optical target identification and free space optical (FSO)
communication, but atmospheric turbulence makes laser beam fluctuate, which limits the use of cat-eye effect. The
optical aperture has the aperture averaging effect to the detecting laser, which can be used to identify optical targets.
Using the flashing theory of spherical wave in the weak atmospheric turbulence, the circular aperture filter function and
the Kolmogorov power spectrum, the analytic expression of the echo scintillation index of the cat-eye target of the
horizontal path two-way transmission was given in which the cat-eye target were equivalent to a combination of two
circular apertures and the detector of cat-eye target was equivalent to a reflecting plane with the reflectivity η when the
light is normal incidence. Then the impact of turbulence inner and outer scales to the echo scintillation index and the
analytic expression of the echo scintillation index at the receiving aperture were presented using the modified Hill
spectrum and the modified Von Karman spectrum. The simulation results show that scintillation index of considering the
inner scale is larger compared with that of without considering the inner and outer scales and considering the inner and
outer scales. Echo scintillation index shows the tendency of decreasing with the target aperture increases. The echo
scintillation index increases with the transmission distance increasing.
Based on the study of measures of the algorithm casting
defect lossless examination and characteristics of X-ray
imaging, a new automatic detection based on SURF is
presented. Firstly, the algorithm detects the interested
points of specifically component model in the standard
image samples by SURF. Then the interested points of
inspection produce are detected when the rotary
worktable makes one revolution, at the same time, the
interested points between model and produce are matched.
The number of matched points is the basis for whether
the product contains the component. Experimental results
show that this method is effective in determining the
component model well or not, which provides a novel
method for casting defect lossless examination.
The performance of passive photoelectric detection system for target detection is seriously affected by many factors,
such as the background light, the weather condition and the target temperature contrast, etc. To overcome the
disadvantages of the passive detection system, lots of domestic and foreign institutes are focusing on the research of the
laser active imaging detection system. Laser active imaging system based on range-gated technology use high peak
power laser pulse to illuminate the target, meanwhile use the receiving system with synchronization control circuit to
detect part of the reflected light from the target for imaging. It can efficiently suppress the brightness noise and the
backscattering noise, and apparently advance the imaging and identification performance for small dark target far away.
In this paper, on analyzing the principle of the range-gated laser active imaging technology, we studied the system range
performance limited by SNR thresholds due to the detector noise and the background noise respectively. By analyzing in
theory and simulation calculation, we made out the relationship between system range performance and other system
parameters in certain atmosphere conditions. The parameters include peak laser power, laser divergence angle, imaging
system resolution, target contrast, system SNR, etc.
Laser active imaging system, which is of high resolution, anti-jamming and can be three-dimensional (3-D) imaging, has
been used widely. But its imagery is usually affected by speckle noise which makes the grayscale of pixels change
violently, hides the subtle details and makes the imaging resolution descend greatly. Removing speckle noise is one of
the most difficult problems encountered in this system because of the poor statistical property of speckle. Based on the
analysis of the statistical characteristic of speckle and morphological filtering algorithm, in this paper, an improved
multistage morphological filtering algorithm is studied and implemented on TMS320C6416 DSP. The algorithm makes
the morphological open-close and close-open transformation by using two different linear structure elements respectively,
and then takes a weighted average over the above transformational results. The weighted coefficients are decided by the
statistical characteristic of speckle. This algorithm is implemented on the TMS320C6416 DSPs after simulation on
computer. The procedure of software design is fully presented. The methods are fully illustrated to achieve and optimize
the algorithm in the research of the structural characteristic of TMS320C6416 DSP and feature of the algorithm. In order
to fully benefit from such devices and increase the performance of the whole system, it is necessary to take a series of
steps to optimize the DSP programs. This paper introduces some effective methods, including refining code structure,
eliminating memory dependence, optimizing assembly code via linear assembly and so on, for TMS320C6x C language
optimization and then offers the results of the application in a real-time implementation. The results of processing to the
images blurred by speckle noise shows that the algorithm can not only effectively suppress speckle noise but also
preserve the geometrical features of images. The results of the optimized code running on the DSP platform show that
the optimized outcome realizes better instruction-level parallelism and pipeline operation and the program is proved to
be reliable, effective and high real time.
KEYWORDS: Target detection, Sensors, Receivers, Signal to noise ratio, Ranging, Signal detection, Atmospheric optics, Laser systems engineering, Reconnaissance, Atmospheric propagation
Ranging performance is described for photoelectric equipment reconnaissance using an active laser detection system that is based on the 'cat's eyes' effect of optical windows. Active laser detection systems have an advantage over passive systems because they can measure target velocity and spatial coordinates. However, there are several challenging problems here because of the great distances involved, the low returned power of the uncooperative target, and the optical aberrations induced by the atmosphere. In the design of this system, the principle of detection is based on the 'cat's eyes' effect according to which the optical windows of photoelectric equipments have a strong reflect character towards incident laser beam. With 'cat's eyes' effect, the detection of uncooperative target can be translated into one of a cooperative target, so the ratio of returned laser can be increased. In this paper, the ranging performance presented here takes into account all the various elements of the system, from the laser emission, target, atmospheric propagation to the detector. The characteristics of back-reflected laser and an estimate of the laser Cross Section (LCS) from 'cat's eyes target' are investigated in theory and simulation. The Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is calculated by combining the probability of detection of the system for given electronic characteristics of the system and for a given probability of false alarms. On the basis of analysis of SNR, minimum detectable signal power, operating distance of the system and factors affecting the ranging performance is analyzed. Results indicate that system has characters of long range, and high sensitivity. It can be used to detect the aerial targets such as reconnaissance drone, navigate missile, reconnaissance satellite etc.
The real-time detection and surveillance of space targets are primary functions of space surveillance system. On account of abundant infrared radiation of the electronic and electromechanical equipments inside satellites, spacecraft, etc., the infrared characteristics of space targets will be very obvious in the cold astrospace background. Therefore, using spaceborne IR detection system is very beneficial to space object detection, especially in the absence of any significant
atmosphere. The key characteristic of spaceborne IR system is passive measurement principle, but not requiring direct sun illumination. This is very proper for the purposes of space control requirements. This paper has theoretically determined the feasibility of the spaceborne IR detection system in using infrared radiation characteristics of a space object and IR imaging sensor to locate and recognize object. According to the requirements of an IR imaging system to modulation contrast, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and image size of space object, the paper has discussed infrared radiation characteristics of space object and background, the structure of the system and primary factors which can affect operation range of the system. Results indicate that such parameters as principal design wavelength, spectral band and pixel size of receiving sensor, focal length and aperture diameter of receiving optics system and so on can determine scale, capacity and practicability of detection system. With a 150mm aperture, 800mm focal distance and 13μm IR CCD
imaging pixel dimension, the system could detect a space object with size of 10 m and distance of 200 km. The imaging point of this object would occupy 3×3 pixels point.
A design is described for photoelectric equipment reconnaissance using an active laser detection system based on the 'cat's eyes' effect of optical windows and the technique of non-linear Optical Phase Conjugation (OPC). With 'cat's eyes' effect, the detection of uncooperative target can be translated into one of a cooperative target, so the ratio of returned laser for remote target can be increased. The receiver used for receiving retro-reflection laser employs a laser amplifier, a Phase Conjugating Mirrors (PCM) based on Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), as it allows for compensation of spatial non-uniformity on the laser pass coming from atmospheric turbulence. The system is thus composed of a laser emitter, a laser receiver and an information processing subsystem. The light reflected by the optical window of target acts as the beacon light. The phase conjugate light which is produced by the laser receiver according to the wavefront aberration of the beacon light is emitted to the target, and reflected by the target to the receiver and information
processing subsystem separately. This system is capable of sustaining oscillation between target and laser receiver, locks onto a target and then detects its position and velocity accurately.
Generally, our detection technique detects man-made targets of interest when those targets are a small percentage of a nature background. If we use one threshold for the integral field, some nature background would be divided to wrong kind of areas. In this paper, the intrinsic difference in fractal features between natural background and man-made objects is presented. By the discussion of its characteristic using wavelet composition, the fractal dimension and the error of fractal feature after multiscale decomposing is used to detect man-made targets in natural background. Our experimental results for real images show that the procedure in this paper is applicable.
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