Palmprints are of considerable interest as a reliable biometric, since they offer significant advantages, such as greater user acceptance than fingerprint or iris recognition. 2D systems can be spoofed by a photograph of a hand; however, 3D avoids this by recovering and analysing 3D textures and profiles. 3D palmprints can also be captured in a contactless manner, which is critical for ensuring hygiene (something that is particularly important in relation to pandemics such as COVID-19), and ease of use. The gap in prior work, between low resolution wrinkle studies and high-resolution palmprint recognition, is bridged here using high-resolution non-contact photometric stereo. A camera and illuminants are synchronised with image capture to recover high-definition 3D texture data from the palm, which are then analysed to extract ridges and wrinkles. This novel low-cost approach, which can tolerate distortions inherent to unconstrained contactless palmprint acquisition, achieved a 0.1% equ
Automatic identification and selective spraying of weeds (such as dock) in grass can provide very significant long-term ecological and cost benefits. Although machine vision (with interface to suitable automation) provides an effective means of achieving this, the associated challenges are formidable, due to the complexity of the images. This results from factors such as the percentage of dock in the image being low, the presence of other plants such as clover and changes in the level of illumination. Here, these challenges are addressed by the application of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to images containing grass and dock; and grass, dock and white clover. The performance of conventionally- trained CNNs and those trained using ‘Transfer Learning’ was compared. This was done for increasingly small datasets, to assess the viability of each approach for projects where large amounts of training data are not available. Results show that CNNs provide considerable improvements over previous methods for classification of weeds in grass. While previous work has reported best accuracies of around 83%, here a conventionally-trained CNN attained 95.6% accuracy for the two-class dataset, with 94.9% for the three-class dataset (i.e. dock, clover and grass). Interestingly, use of Transfer learning, with as few as 50 samples per class, still provides accuracies of around 84%. This is very promising for agricultural businesses that, due to the high cost of collecting and processing large amounts of data, have not yet been able to employ Neural Network models. Therefore, the employment of CNNs, particularly when incorporating Transfer Learning, is a very powerful method for classification of weeds in grassland, and one that is worthy of further research.
We present a spine arch analysis method in dairy cows using overhead 3D video data. This method is aimed for early stage lameness detection. That is important in order to allow early treatment; and thus, reduce the animal suffering and minimize the high forecasted financial losses, caused by lameness. Our physical data collection setup is non-intrusive, covert and designed to allow full automation; therefore, it could be implemented on a large scale or daily basis with high accuracy. We track the animal’s spine using shape index and curvedness measure from the 3D surface as she walks freely under the 3D camera. Our spinal analysis focuses on the thoracic vertebrae region, where we found most of the arching caused by lameness. A cubic polynomial is fitted to analyze the arch and estimate the locomotion soundness. We have found more accurate results by eliminating the regular neck/head movements’ effect from the arch. Using 22-cow data set, we are able to achieve an early stage lameness detection accuracy of 95.4%.
Computer-controlled polishing has introduced determinism into the finishing of high-quality surfaces, for example those used as optical interfaces. Computer-controlled polishing may overcome many of the disadvantages of traditional polishing techniques. The polishing procedure is computed in terms of the surface error-profile and the material removal characteristic of the polishing tool, the influence function. Determinism and predictability not only enable more economical manufacture but also facilitate considerably increased processing accuracy. However, there are several disadvantages that serve to limit the capabilities of computer-controlled polishing, many of these are considered to be issues associated with determination of the influence function. Magnetorheological finishing has been investigated and various new techniques and approaches that dramatically enhance the potential as well as the economics of computer-controlled polishing have been developed and verified experimentally. Recent developments and advancements in computer-controlled polishing are discussed. The generic results of this research may be used in a wide variety of alternative applications in which controlled material removal is employed to achieve a desired surface specification, ranging from surface treatment processes in technical disciplines, to manipulation of biological surface textures in medical technologies.
Magnetorheological finishing is a computer-controlled polishing technique that is used mainly in the field of
high-quality optical lens production. The process is based on the use of a magnetorheological polishing fluid
that is able, in a reversible manner, to change its viscosity from a liquid state to a solid state under the control
of a magnetic field. This outstanding characteristic facilitates rapid control (in milliseconds) of the yield stress,
and thus the pressure applied to the workpiece surface to be polished. A three-axis dynamometer was used to
measure the forces acting between the magnetorheological fluid and the workpiece surface during determination
of the material removal characteristic of the polishing tool (influence function). The results of a testing series
using a QED Q22-X MRF polishing machine with a 50 mm wheel assembly show that the normal forces range
from about 2 to 20 N. Knowledge of the forces is essential, especially when thin workpieces are to be polished
and distortion becomes significant. This paper discusses, and gives examples of, the variation in the parameters
experienced during a programme of experiments, and provides examples of the value of this work.
High quality optical lenses are usually finished by magnetorheological finishing (MRF). In this process an abrasive
fluid, with the ability to stiffen in a magnetic field, is used as the polishing tool in a computer-controlled machine
tool. Although the machine is automated it is necessary for a skilled operator to set the machine and make
judgments with regard to its operation.
An investigation has been under way to examine the detailed operation of the MRF process, and the information
that is necessary to establish best practice. This has resulted in the incorporation of a knowledge based
system (KBS) into the machine control regime, and a methodology for the creation of artificial polishing tool
characteristics, the machine influence function. The incorporation of the these elements has been instrumental in
the operation of an enhanced MRF machine. This has been subject to extensive test procedures, and it has been
demonstrated that the production process may be enhanced significantly and consistently. Batch production
time may be significantly reduced, a figure in excess of a 50% reduction was met consistently during prolonged
operation. Furthermore the incorporation of the KBS is instrumental in increasing the automation of the MRF
process, reducing the levels of manual input necessary to manage machine operation.
Magnetorheological finishing (MRF) is a commonly used computer-controlled polishing (CCP) technique for
high precision optical surfaces. The process is based on a magnetorheological abrasive fluid, which stiffens in a
magnetic field and may be employed as a sub-aperture polishing tool. Dependent upon the surface error-profile
of the workpiece and the polishing tool characteristic (influence function) an individual polishing procedure is
calculated prior to processing. However, determination of the influence function remains a time consuming and
laborious task. A user friendly and easy to use software tool has been developed, which enables rapid computation
of MRF influence functions dependent on the MRF specific parameters, such as, magnetic field strength or fluid
viscosity. The software supersedes the current cumbersome and time consuming determination procedure and
thus results in considerably improved and more economical manufacture. In comparison with the conventional
time period of typically 20 minutes to ascertain an influence function, it may now be calculated in a few seconds.
An average quality improvement of 57% relating to the peak-valley (PV) value, and approximately 66% relating
to the root-mean-square (RMS) of the surface error-profiles was observed during employment of the artificial
computed influence functions for polishing.
Magnetorheological finishing (MRF) is a computer controlled polishing process (CCP), which is commonly used in the field of high quality optical lens production. The process uses the material removal characteristic of the polishing tool (influence function) and the surface error-profile to calculate individual, surface error-profile dependent polishing sequences. At the University of Applied Sciences Deggendorf a testing series with a magnetorheological finishing machine has been performed, and effects of the influence function size and its removal capacity on the polishing quality and the process time have been investigated. The result of the research shows that the influence function size has a major effect on the process time, whereas the polishing quality is nearly independent of the influence function size. During the testing series the process time was significantly reduced using an appropriate influence function size. The process time decreased about 9% relating to the original influence function.
A mathematical method has been developed to analyze influence functions that are used in a computer-controlled polishing process. The influence function itself is usually generated by some kind of calibration where the exact procedure is dependent on the process used. The method is able to determine asymmetries in an influence function. Application of this method yields a value that may be used to judge the quality of an influence function. That quality is also an indicator of the variance of the evolving surface error profile, since a close relationship between it and the polishing process exists. On the basis of an ideal, theoretical process, a model to handle and quantify the result of a real polishing process is described. Practical application of this model demonstrates the effect of influence-function quality on the polishing result. Based on this model, the predictability of the polishing result is evaluated. This initiative to judge influence functions by their quality is an important contribution to the development of computer-controlled polishing. Due to improved process reliability, the reject rate will decrease, and the result will be more economic manufacture.
Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF) is commonly used to finish high quality optical surfaces. The process is based on a magnetorheological fluid, which stiffens in a magnetic field and thus may be used as a polishing tool. The fluid removal characteristic depends on several parameters, for example the magnetic field strength or the relative velocity between workpiece and polishing tool. Another parameter is the fluid itself. Different compositions of polishing abrasives result in different removal characteristics. At the University of Applied Sciences Deggendorf, five different magnetorheological polishing fluids have been analysed. The results of the research are scanning electron microscope analyses as well as spectra analyses. The removal characteristic for each fluid has been determined for different glass materials. Finally, the fluid conditions during polishing have been analysed. For this purpose, the fluid flow rate, the fluid pressure and the fluid viscosity have been investigated.
In Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF) a magnetic field is applied to a stream of abrasive magnetorheological fluid, in order that the fluid behaves as the polishing tool. The process may be used to finish the surface of high quality optical lenses. The fluid viscosity is one important parameter the polishing tool characteristic depends on. At the University of Applied Sciences Deggendorf a new viscosity measurement, which uses the inductance of the fluid had been tested. The result of the research is a close relationship between viscosity and inductance. The new viscosity measurement is not an absolute, but a comparative system, based on inductance of the flowing fluid and the fluid age.
A novel approach to handle and quantify a computer controlled polishing process will be introduced. This approach will be compared to real data. This comparison indicates the correctness of this approach. Based on it a formula has been developed to predict the results of a computer controlled polishing process. The formula will be used to predict real polishing processes and the results will be compared to the real results. The limits when using this formula will be shown along with suggestions when the formula would be useful. This rough prediction of the computer controlled polishing results may be used to enhance the automation of a computer controlled polishing process. Also a way to improve the formula itself will be introduced. It is the opinion of the author that by further stabilizing of the whole computer controlled polishing process the whole system becomes more robust, the prediction more accurate and the whole system improves in reliability and the results become better.
Since end of 2003 the TII-3D - the new contact topography measuring device for measuring aspherical and spherical surfaces - is available on market. Due to its novel technology, the system is specified to measure a large range with λ/10 accuracy, therefore being a very flexible tool for pre- and post-measurements in high quality zonal polishing processes like MRF. At the University of Applied Sciences Deggendorf a testing series has been carries out to compare the results of the TII-3D with CGH-interferometric measurements on aspherical surfaces. An analysis of the measurement errors is shown and ranking of the different metrology systems for production processes of high quality aspherical lenses is given.
The lifetime of standard magnetorheological (MR) polishing fluids, used for example in polishing machines for optical applications, is limited. Scanning electron microscope examinations as well as chemical analyses of the fluid had been undertaken in order to investigate reasons for limited lifetime. We found out that the removal rate decreases during the course of time. However, the usable fluid life is most limited by the point of time when the critical minimum amount of fluid, necessary to ensure circulation, is reached. The results in association with a new fluid conditioner show, that a standard MR polishing fluid may be used for longer periods than common periods of about 2 weeks.
The magnetorheological finishing (MRF) process makes use of a magnetically stiffened magnetorheological abrasive fluid to polish the surface of a workpiece in a precise fashion. The process may be used to finish the surface of high quality optical lenses. Investigations have been undertaken to quantify the operation of MRF and to identify those parameters key to an optimal operation of this lens production process. A correlation has been developed to relate the parameters important to the removal characteristics and to the precision of the polishing result and to the duration of polishing. A relationship to indicate the most appropriate MRF processing parameters for a lens is presented. In the examples discussed Fringe-Zernike polynomials are used to quantify the error on a lens.
Increased globalisation of the ornamental stone market has lead to increased competition and more rigorous product quality requirements. As such, there are strong motivators to introduce new, more effective, inspection technologies that will help enable stone processors to reduce costs, improve quality and improve productivity. Natural stone surfaces may contain a mixture of complex two-dimensional (2D) patterns and three-dimensional (3D) features. The challenge in terms of automated inspection is to develop systems able to reliably identify 3D topographic defects, either naturally occurring or resulting from polishing, in the presence of concomitant complex 2D stochastic colour patterns. The resulting real-time analysis of the defects may be used in adaptive process control, in order to avoid the wasteful production of defective product. An innovative approach, using structured light and based upon an adaptation of the photometric stereo method, has been pioneered and developed at UWE to isolate and characterize mixed 2D and 3D surface features. The method is able to undertake tasks considered beyond the capabilities of existing surface inspection techniques. The approach has been successfully applied to real stone samples, and a selection of experimental results is presented.
This paper is concerned with research into machine vision techniques for measuring the size and shape of objects. Considerable potential is considered to exist for the application of portable hand-held vision metrology systems. However, unlike a bench-mounted system, a hand held device will be subjected to movement during the measurement process. Employment of active techniques, such as a scanning laser line, usually result in measurement errors due to movements that can occur during capture of the sequence of images involved. In contrast, passive techniques such as stereo vision can operate rapidly, with two images being captured simultaneously in order to construct a three dimensional map of the object. Unfortunately, stereo vision is subject to a number of technological difficulties. These include the Correspondence Problem (i.e. the challenge of relating points in the image to points in 3D space), and the presence of relatively high levels of noise in the distance measurements for the points in the image. In this paper, a hybrid approach is described for alleviation of these problems, in a methodology that combines structured light and stereo vision techniques.
The digitization of the 3D shape of real objects is a rapidly expanding discipline, with a wide variety of applications, including shape acquisition, inspection, reverse engineering, gauging and robot navigation. Developments in computer product design techniques, automated production, and the need for close manufacturing tolerances will be facts of life for the foreseeable future. A growing need exists for fast, accurate, portable, non-contact 3D sensors. However, in order for 3D scanning to become more commonplace, new methods are needed for easily, quickly and robustly acquiring accurate full geometric models of complex objects using low cost technology. In this paper, a brief survey is presented of current scanning technologies available for acquiring range data. An overview is provided of current 3D-shape acquisition using both active and passive vision techniques. Each technique is explained in terms of its configuration, principle of operation, and the inherent advantages and limitations. A separate section then focuses on the implications of scannerless scanning for hand held technology, after which the current status of 3D acquisition using handheld technology, together with related issues concerning implementation, is considered more fully. Finally, conclusions for further developments in handheld devices are discussed. This paper may be of particular benefit to new comers in this field.
The analysis of surface properties represents one of the most challenging and rapidly developing applications for machine vision today. Numerous manufacturing and processing tasks involve the control of surface attributes, such as three-dimensional shape, surface topographic texture, and two-dimensional coloured patterns.
KEYWORDS: Particles, Monte Carlo methods, 3D modeling, Visual process modeling, Optical spheres, Computer simulations, Phase modulation, Manufacturing, Data modeling, 3D image processing
Particulate materials undergo processing in many industries, and therefore there are significant commercial motivators for attaining improvements in the flow and packing behavior of powders. This can be achieved by modeling the effects of particle size, friction, and most importantly, particle shape or morphology. The method presented here for simulating powders employs a random number generator to construct a model of a random particle by combining a sphere with a number of smaller spheres. The resulting 3D model particle has a nodular type of morphology, which is similar to that exhibited by the atomized powders that are used in the bulk of powder metallurgy (PM) manufacture. The irregularity of the model particles is dependent upon vision system data gathered from microscopic analysis of real powder particles. A methodology is proposed whereby randomly generated model particles of various sized and irregularities can be combined in a random packing simulation. The proposed Monte Carlo technique would allow incorporation of the effects of gravity, wall friction, and inter-particle friction. The improvements in simulation realism that this method is expected to provide would prove useful for controlling powder production, and for predicting die fill behavior during the production of PM parts.
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