The objective of this work is the development of a new approach for the estimation of water requirements for the most
important crops located at Karla Watershed, central Greece. Satellite-based energy balance for mapping
evapotranspiration with internalized calibration (METRIC) was used as a basis for the derivation of actual
evapotranspiration (ET) and crop coefficient (ETrF) values from Landsat ETM+ imagery. MODIS imagery has been also
used, and a spatial downscaling procedure is followed between the two sensors for the derivation of a new NDVI product
with a spatial resolution of 30 m x 30 m. GER 1500 spectro-radiometric measurements are additionally conducted during
2012 growing season. Cotton, alfalfa, corn and sugar beets fields are utilized, based on land use maps derived from
previous Landsat 7 ETM+ images. A filtering process is then applied to derive NDVI values after acquiring Landsat
ETM+ based reflectance values from the GER 1500 device. ETrF vs NDVI relationships are produced and then applied
to the previous satellite based downscaled product in order to finally derive a 30 m x 30 m daily ETrF map for the study
area. CropWat model (FAO) is then applied, taking as an input the new crop coefficient values with a spatial resolution
of 30 m x 30 m available for every crop. CropWat finally returns daily crop water requirements (mm) for every crop and
the results are analyzed and discussed.
The overall objective of this work is the development of a District Information System (DIS) which could be used by stakeholders for the purposes of a district day-to-day water management as well as for planning and strategic decisionmaking. The DIS was developed from a GIS-based modeling approach, which integrates a generic crop model and a hydraulic model of the transport/distribution system, using land use maps generated by Landsat TM imagery. The main sub-objectives are: (i) the development of an operational algorithm to retrieve crop evapotranspiration from remote sensing data, (ii) the development of an information system with friendly user interface for the data base, the crop module and the hydraulic module and (iii) the analysis and validation of management scenarios from model simulations predicting the respective behavior. The Lake Karla watershed is used in this study, but the overall methodology could be used as a basis for future analysis elsewhere. Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) was used to derive monthly actual evapotranspiration (ET) values from Landsat TM imagery. Meteorological data from the archives of the Institute for Research and Technology, Thessaly (I.RE.TE.TH) has also been used. The methodology was developed using high quality Landsat TM images during 2007 growing season. Monthly ET values are used as an input to CROPWAT model. Outputs of CROPWAT model are then used as input for WEAP model. The developed scenario is based on the actual situation of the surface irrigation network of the Local Administration of Land Reclamation (LALR) of Pinios for the year of 2007. The DIS is calibrated with observed data of this year and the district parameterization is conducted based on the actual operation of the network. The operation of the surface irrigation network of Pinios LALR is simulated using Technologismiki Works, while the operation of closed pipe irrigation network of Lake Karla LALR is simulated using Watercad. Four alternative scenarios have been tested with the DIS: reduction of channel losses, alteration of irrigation methods, Introduction of greenhouse cultivation, and operation of the future Lake Karla network. The results of the simulation for the historical period indicate that the water pumped from Pinios LALR is not enough to serve irrigation requirements. The spatial and temporal variation of the unmet and unsatisfied water demand has been estimated. Simulation of the four alternative scenarios indicated that the alteration of irrigation methods scenario mainly increases the efficiency of the irrigation network.
An integrated modeling system, developed in the framework of “Hydromentor” research project, is applied to evaluate
crop water requirements for operational water resources management at Lake Karla watershed, Greece. The framework
includes coupled components for operation of hydrotechnical projects (reservoir operation and irrigation works) and
estimation of agricultural water demands at several spatial scales using remote sensing. The study area was sub-divided
into irrigation zones based on land use maps derived from Landsat 5 TM images for the year 2007. Satellite-based
energy balance for mapping evapotranspiration with internalized calibration (METRIC) was used to derive actual
evapotranspiration (ET) and crop coefficient (ETrF) values from Landsat TM imagery. Agricultural water needs were
estimated using the FAO method for each zone and each control node of the system for a number of water resources
management strategies. Two operational strategies of hydro-technical project development (present situation without
operation of the reservoir and future situation with the operation of the reservoir) are coupled with three water demand
strategies. In total, eight (8) water management strategies are evaluated and compared. The results show that, under the
existing operational water resources management strategies, the crop water requirements are quite large. However, the
operation of the proposed hydro-technical projects in Lake Karla watershed coupled with water demand management
measures, like improvement of existing water distribution systems, change of irrigation methods, and changes of crop
cultivation could alleviate the problem and lead to sustainable and ecological use of water resources in the study area.
Accurate assessment of water use is an important issue in a globally changing climate and environment, where water is
becoming a scarce but essential resource. The concept ‘Water Footprint’ (WF) of a crop is defined as the volume of
water consumed for its production, where green and blue WF stand for rain and irrigation water usage, respectively. This
indicator provides valuable information for a global assessment of how water resources are used. Remote sensing (RS)
provides physically-based, worldwide, and consistent spatial information over space and time, and has been used in
hydrological applications in order to estimate relevant variables at different temporal and spatial scales. The paper
focuses on exploring and exploiting the potential of using RS techniques and data for WF assessment in agriculture.
Based on recent papers initiated in this research topic the investigation focuses on how variables needed in the
calculation of water footprint are obtained (based on non RS and on RS approaches), on identifying the inputs required
for estimating the WF of crops and whether it is feasible to integrate various RS approaches. The results of this study
demonstrate the usefulness of satellite data for water footprint assessment, which were obtained by the Remote Sensing
Working Group in the framework of the ESSEM COST Action ES1106, “Assessment of EUROpean AGRIculture
WATer use and trade under climate change” (EURO-AGRIWAT).
The objective of this work is the investigation of the specific relationships between actual evapotranspiration based crop coefficients and vegetation indices adapted to Karla Watershed, central Greece. Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) was used to derive monthly actual evapotranspiration (ET) and ETrF values during the growing season of 2012. The methodology was developed using medium resolution Landsat 7 ETM+ images. Meteorological data from the archive of the Institute for Research and Technology, Thessaly (I.RE.TE.TH) have also been used. Fields with cotton, wheat, alfalfa, corn and sugar beets are utilized. During the same period, in-situ radiometric measurements were generated with the use of the field spectro-radiometer GER1500 giving specific spectral signatures for each crop. Filtering of reflectance values with the use of relative spectral responses (RSR) gives the opportunity to match the spectral measurements with Landsat ETM+ bands and compute VI like NDVI, SAVI, EVI and EVI2 using the same remote sensing formulas as the ETM+ conventional procedures. New relationships are derived and NDVI, SAVI, EVI and EVI2 are tested separately for each crop. Special attention is given to the constant L inside the SAVI relationship. The main advantage of the new approach is that is more crop specific and it less time consuming because there is no need for atmospheric correction.
Satellite remote sensing techniques play an important role in crop identification, acreage and production estimation, disease and stress detection, and soil and water resources characterization because they provide spatially explicit information and access to remote locations. The main objective of the study is to highlight the potential of using remote sensing techniques in the research field of water management, especially for “water footprint” assessment. In this paper, several vegetation indices (NDVI, NDWI, etc) and biophysical variables (LAI, fAPAR) are key variables to potentially be estimated by remote sensing and used in water footprint studies. The combination of these input parameters brings several limitations regarding the discrepancies in temporal and spatial resolution and data availability, which are described and discussed in detail. MODIS, Landsat, SPOT Vegetation and Meteosat data were used in order to estimate evapotranspiration and vegetation indices. The results of this study show the usefulness of satellite data for water footprint assessment and were obtained by the Remote Sensing Working Group in the framework of the ESSEM COST Action ES1106, “Assessment of EUROpean AGRIculture WATer use and trade under climate change” (EUROAGRIWAT).
In this study, the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) was used to derive daily actual evapotranspiration (ETa) distributions from Landsat and MODIS images separately. The study area is the Lake Karla basin in Thessaly, Central Greece. Meteorological data from the archive of Center for Research and Technology, Thessaly (CERETETH) have also been used. The methodology was developed using satellite and ground data for the period of summer 2007. Landsat and MODIS imagery were combined in order to have data with high temporal and spatial resolution (downscaling). The downscaling technique applied is the output downscaling with regression between images. This technique disaggregates imagery by applying linear regression between two MODIS products to the previous or subsequent Landsat product. After the calculation of a first order linear regression between two MODIS-derived ETa maps the next step is the regression to the ETa map derived from the prior Landsat image to predict the disaggregated subsequent Landsat ETa map. The results are satisfactory, giving the general trend of ETa derived from the original SEBAL procedure.
In this study an innovative approach for investigating the accumulated meteorological effects on cotton production during the growing season is presented. The quantification of the meteorological effects is based on the incorporation of the Bhalme and Mooley Drought Index (BMDI) methodology into the Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) extracted by NOAA/AVHRR data. The resulted Bhalme and Mooley Vegetation Condition Index (BMVCI) uses the same scale as the Z-Index of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) for drought monitoring. The study area consists of the country of Greece. Eighteen years of NOAA/AVHRR data are examined and processed with the BMVCI to examine the unfavourable conditions for cotton production. For the validation of BMVCI an empirical relationship between the cotton production and the BMVCI values is derived. The method is developed based on the first sixteen years time series data and validated utilizing the following two years. The resultant high correlation coefficient and the approximation of the production for the validated years refer to very favourable results and confirms the usefulness of this integrated methodological approach as an effective tool to assess cotton production in Greece.
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