We studied the monitoring of heat-denature by autofluorescence spectrum from lung dissection plane during laser air leak sealing procedure. In order to seal the air leakage from lung in thoracotomy, we proposed novel laser sealing method with the combination of the diode laser (810nm wavelength) irradiation and indocyanine green staining (peak absorption wavelength: 805 nm). This sealing method is expected to preserve the postoperative ventilatory capacity and achieve minimally invasive surgery. We previously reported that this laser sealing only requires thin sealing margin (less than 300 μm in thickness) compared with that of the suturing or stapling. The most serious issue on the laser air leak sealing might be re-air-leakage due to rigid surface layer caused by excessive heat-denature, such as carbonization. We should achieve laser air leak sealing minimizing the degree of heat denature. Dissection planes of isolated porcine lung with /without the diode laser irradiation were prepared as samples. We measured the auto-fluorescence from these samples using a spectrometer. When the diode laser was irradiated with 400J/cm2, the surface of diode laser irradiated lung was fully carbonized. The ration of auto-fluorescence emission of 450nm / 500 nm, with 280 nm excitation wavelength was decreased less tha 50 % of initial value. That of 600 nm / 500 nm was increased over 700 % of initial value. The decreasing of the 450 nm auto-fluorescence intensity might be attributed to the heat-denaturing of the interstitial collagen in lung. However, increasing of the 600 nm didn't specify the origins, we suppose it might be originated from heat-denature substance, like carbonization. We could establish the useful monitoring for lung heat-denaturing with simple methodology. We think the auto-fluorescence measurement can be helpful not only for understanding the sealing mechanism, but also for controlling the degree of heat-denaturing during the procedure.
In order to seal air leak from lung dissection plane in thoracotomy, we studied diode laser irradiation (wavelength: 810nm) with surface stain of indocyanine green (ICG, peak absorption wavelength: 805nm) ex vivo. In general, this air leak is sealed by suturing with weak tension and large margin of parenchyma. This suturing requires surgeon's skill and takes long time. Moreover, lung ventilatory performance is significantly impaired. Since laser tissue welding is novel method to adhere living tissue with thin thermally denatured attachment layer, we propose to seal the lung dissection plane with laser irradiation. Our aim of this study is to investigate the sealing mechanism as well as optimum condition to develop reliable laser sealing method for dissected lung plane in surgery, using practical laser-dye combination. Compartment of extracted porcine lung was prepared as a lung model, which volume was approximately 60cm^3. ICG solution (2.5mg/ml) was applied to the dissection plane of this lung model with 1minute. The diode laser (power density: 8-40W/cm^2) irradiated to the plane, moving the laser spot with constant speed (v=1mm/s). The heat degeneration depth and smoothness of the laser irradiated surface were observed by a microscope. When power density was over 24W/cm^2, heat degeneration depth was over 1.5E-4 m. There were no pin holes on the surface and the air leak seemed to be sealed completely. We also evaluated the air leak by endotracheal pressure. In the case of above condition, the heat degeneration depth was the same that of previous reported result with CO2 laser.
KEYWORDS: Birefringence, Collagen, Tissues, Scanning electron microscopy, Temperature metrology, Tissue optics, Microscopy, In vivo imaging, Arteries, Microscopes
Our photo thermal reaction heating architecture balloon realizes less than 10 s short term heating that can soften vessel wall collagen without damaging surrounding tissue thermally. New thermal balloon angioplasty, photo-thermo dynamic balloon angioplasty (PTDBA) has experimentally shown sufficient opening with 2 atm low pressure dilation and prevention of chronic phase restenosis and acute phase thrombus in vivo. Even though PTDBA has high therapeutic potential, the most efficient heating condition is still under study, because relationship of treatment and thermal dose to vessel wall is not clarified yet. To study and set the most efficient heating condition, we have been working on establishment of temperature history estimation method from our previous experimental results. Heating target of PTDBA, collagen, thermally denatures following rate process. Denaturation is able to be quantified with measured collagen birefringence value. To express the denaturation with equation of rate process, the following ex vivo experiments were performed. Porcine extracted carotid artery was soaked in two different temperature saline baths to enforce constant temperature heating. Higher temperature bath was set to 40 to 80 degree Celsius and soaking duration was 5 to 40 s. Samples were observed by a polarizing microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The birefringence was measured by polarizing microscopic system using Brace-Koehler compensator 1/30 wavelength. The measured birefringence showed temperature dependency and quite fit with the rate process equation. We think vessel wall temperature is able to be estimated using the birefringence changes due to thermal denaturation.
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