This paper proposes a simple Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing (DOFS) system based on a Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) ring cavity structure to reduce the complexity and cost of DOFS systems. A broadband light source provides external optical injection for the SOA ring cavity to suppress the oscillation signal from the cavity so that the working state of the sensing system is stable. With the help of the ring cavity, the SOA can convert the phase changes caused by an external disturbance to intensity fluctuations. The position of the external disturbance can be determined by using the time difference between the waveform changes. The location performance of the system is investigated experimentally. The effective length of the sensing fiber is 930 m. The mean absolute errors of location results of different positions are less than 4 m. The experimental results show that the proposed system can work stably, is simple in location method, high in real-time performance, and accurate in location results.
KEYWORDS: Data modeling, Sensing systems, Education and training, Optical fibers, Signal processing, Error analysis, Signal to noise ratio, Optical sensing, Systems modeling, Statistical modeling
Detection and location of pipeline leakage is of great significance to the safety of oil and gas pipeline transportation. A Sagnac distributed optical fiber sensing (DOFS) system is a suitable candidate in monitoring of pipeline leakage because of its strong anti-interference ability and low requirement for a light source. In order to accurately determine the leakage position, this paper proposes a location method based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) regression model and time domain input signals for an in-line Sagnac DOFS system. The sensing signals are acquired with a simulation system and a sinc signal with a bandwidth of 62 kHz is used to simulate a leakage signal. One leakage point is arranged every 100 m on the 40 km sensing fiber to get signals for training and new leakage positions are randomly selected for testing. Furthermore, Gaussian white noises with different intensities are added to the acquired signals to verify the applicability of the proposed location method for noise. The mean absolute error on the whole test set is 39.8 m, and the proportion of prediction samples with an absolute error of less than 60 m is 95.7%, and the location resolution is about 20 m. The simulation results show that the proposed method can accurately predict the leakage position within a certain range of error across the entire sensing fiber only using a single model, and has a high location resolution and good tolerance to noise.
This paper proposes a distributed optical fiber sensing system based on a semiconductor laser with optical injection. Due to the reflection of the mirror at the end of sensing fiber, an external disturbance causes the simultaneous changes in phase of the light bidirectionally propagating in the fiber. The phase modulation induced by the external disturbance is converted into intensity modulation by the nonlinear effect of optical injection. Two waveform-changes induced by the same disturbance appear at the output signal. There is a time difference between the two changes, which is equal to the round trip time of the light from the disturbance position to the mirror. The disturbance location can be realized according to the time difference. The location performance of the system is studied through experiments, and the location errors at different positions on the 4.0859 km sensing fiber are less than 15 m. The experimental results indicate that the system is timely in detection on external disturbances and simple in location method.
An explainable feature selection method based on Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) is proposed for the signal recognition of a phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer system. The SHAP value is used to quantify the contribution of a feature. The original features of the signals to be identified are selected according their contributions. The support vector machine algorithm is employed as the classifier to verify the effectiveness and explanation of the proposed feature selection method in the signal recognition on an open dataset from Beijing Jiaotong University. The average recognition accuracy of six types of signals increases to 89.3% and the corresponding recognition time of each sample reduces to 0.097 s. The feature selection method provides a reliable guidance for feature selection and can improve the speed and accuracy of the signal recognition.
In order to improve identification rates (IRs) of signal recognition for optical fiber perimeter defense systems, a novel signal recognition method based on the fast dynamic time warping (FastDTW) algorithm and nearest neighbor criterion is proposed. The distributed optical fiber sensing system based on an in-line Sagnac interferometer is employed as a simulated perimeter defense system to acquire three different kinds of sensing output signals. The signals are divided into several signal segments according to their categories and selected as reference templates and test samples, respectively. The FastDTW can calculate the optimal warping path distance between the test sample and each reference template. The signal recognition results are obtained according to the nearest neighbor criterion. The experimental results show that the average IR of the three kinds of sensing signals is above 99%. The proposed recognition method does not need special training process, hence is simple, and easy to implement. It can achieve a high identification rate under small sample condition which provides a new approach for the signal recognition of optical fiber perimeter defense systems.
In order to reduce the false alarm rates of optical fiber perimeter systems, this paper proposes a signal recognition method based on optoelectronic reservoir computing (RC) to identify pedestrian intrusion signals from various vibration signals acting on the sensing fiber. The optoelectronic reservoir consists of a single nonlinear node and an optoelectronic feedback loop. The nonlinearity of the reservoir is provided by a Mach-Zehnder intensity modulator. The walking signals were acquired in the laboratory through a distributed optical fiber sensing system based on an in-line Sagnac interferometer. The input data of the reservoir is a random combination of walking signals and the output signals of the sensing system under no interferences. The training input data contain three walking signals at different times. The testing input data contain one walking signal according to the most common case. The average identification rate (IR) for the testing data of 10 different walking signals is as high as 97.3%. The highest IR is 99.3%. The simulation results show that the proposed recognition method of intrusion signals of optical fiber perimeter systems is feasible and effective. RC, as an improved training algorithm of recurrent neural networks, has no need of a large number of samples in the training process and seeking the signal features for the signal recognition task. Therefore, the proposed intrusion signal recognition method based on optoelectronic RC is fast in recognition speed and low at cost.
This paper proposes and demonstrates a generation scheme of tunable ultra-broadband microwave frequency combs (MFCs) based on a semiconductor laser injected by intensity-modulated (IM) light. The IM light is obtained by current modulating the master semiconductor laser. Then the IM light is injected into the slave semiconductor laser. The influences of the injection strength, frequency detuning, modulation index and modulation frequency on the MFCs generated were investigated by numerically simulating the rate equations of a semiconductor laser with optical injection of IM light. The simulation results show that under appropriate injection parameters, in an amplitude variation range of ±5dB, the bandwidth of the microwave frequency combs can reach over 60GHz, even 108GHz. The comb space of the MFCs can be tuned by the frequency of the modulation signal. Compared with the scheme of optical injection and current modulation into a slave laser, the proposed scheme has an advantage of 28GHz in peak bandwidth of the MFCs generated under the same conditions. In conclusion, the proposed scheme is a simple and effective generation method of tunable ultra-broadband microwave frequency combs.
A novel distributed optical fiber disturbance sensing system based on a feedback semiconductor laser and a fiber-ring as a self-mixing interferometer is proposed and demonstrated. When an external disturbance acts on the sensing fiber, a phase change in the light beam propagating in the fiber-ring will be induced, which in-turn is converted into an intensity modulation in the laser output through a feedback light interference in the laser and a nonlinear optical amplification by the laser. The sensor output signals can be obtained directly from the laser module equipped with an internal photodiode. The primary experiments were carried out and the results show that the RMS value of output electrical signal has a linear relation with the disturbance position, so this feature can be utilized as a means of localizing disturbances along the sensing fiber. The maximum location error obtained in our experiments is about 27 m within a 1-km long sensing fiber. Therefore, the proposed sensing system and location method are feasible. Moreover, the system is high in the sensitivity and simple in the structure as well as in signal processing.
A distributed optical fiber sensing system based on a bidirectional chaotic fiber ring laser has been proposed. The output waveforms induced by an external disturbance in some period are different from those in other time. This period equals the time difference between two counter-propagating beams arriving at the semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) from the disturbance point. It is utilized for the disturbance location. In this paper, the location mechanism is explored by investigating optical interaction in the SOA in two simulation systems with a continuous wave optical source. One system is for studying the interaction of a continuous wave beam and a phase modulation beam input into the SOA from the left and right sides respectively. The other system is for investigating the interaction of two phase modulation beams counter-arriving at the SOA with a certain time difference. Under a small SOA current, only the transformation of the phase modulation to intensity modulation occurs due to the interference caused by facets reflection of the SOA. With the increase of current, the cross-gain modulation effect of the SOA makes the interference signal in one beam copy to the other one reversely in the phase, which generates the time difference characteristic. For the chaotic sensing system the situation is similar to the large current case in the second simulation system, only the conversion of the modulation format is achieved by the sensitivity to initial values of chaotic systems. The cross-gain modulation effect in the SOA contributes to the time difference location method.
The sensitivity of optical fiber ring laser distributed sensing system based on the mechanism of chaotic system’s sensitivity to initial conditions is low. Fiber interferometer distributed sensing system’s sensitivity is high. In this paper, a distributed sensing system with the structure of chaotic fiber ring laser (CFRL) embedding a Sagnac loop interferometer is proposed by combining the property of zero order interference of chaotic light and reciprocity of Sagnac interferometer. It can be used to improve the sensitivity of CFRL sensing system. According to the changes of temporal waveforms, frequency spectrums and autocorrelation functions out of the systems under the same disturbance, the sensitivities are compared between the improved system and the original CFRL system. Experimental results show that the sensitivity of the proposed system is higher than that of the CFRL system. In addition, the response properties of the system under the same amplitude and different frequencies of disturbance signals are measured. The results show that the system can detect the disturbances in the frequency range from 10 kHz to 300 kHz and the responses are flat. The detection abilities to weak signals with different amplitudes are compared. With the rising of disturbance signals amplitudes under the same frequency, the autocorrelation amplitudes of the interference signals increase. In conclusion, the proposed system improves the sensitive to weak disturbance signals with different amplitudes and frequencies. The frequency and amplitude of the disturbance signals can be obtained by the frequency spectrum and autocorrelation function of the waveform of the system.
A novel, simple fiber-optic acoustic sensor consisting of a self-mixing effect based laser source and a ring-type interferometer is presented. With weak external optical feedbacks, the acoustic wave signals can be detected by measuring the changes of oscillating frequency of the laser diode, induced by the disturbances of sensing fiber, with the ring-type interferometer. The operation principles of the sensor system are explored in-depth and the experimental researches are carried out. The acoustic wave signals produced by various actions, such as by pencil broken, mental pin free falling and PZT are detected for evaluating the sensing performances of the experimental system. The investigation items include the sensitivity as well as frequency responses of the sensor system. An experiment for the detection of corona discharges is carried out, which occur in a high-voltage environment between two parallel copper electrodes, under different humidity levels. The satisfied experimental results are obtained. These experimental results well prove that our proposed sensing system has very high sensitivity and excellent high frequency responses characteristics in the detections of weak, high-frequency acoustic wave signals.
We present an optical fiber sensing system for discrete multi-target’s on-off states detection and location. The sensing
system consists of multiple cascaded 1x2 fiber couplers (FCs). Each FC is connected to a reflective optical switch sensor
(ROSS). A ROSS is corresponding to a target to be detected. The system can remotely detect the on-off states of multiple
ROSSs, as well as accurately and rapidly locate the ROSSs in alarm states. By detecting the various intensities of light
pulses reflected by each ROSS, their on-off states can be monitored. The ROSSs in alarm states can be located by
directly measuring the reflected light pulse intensity at corresponding time axis or the declined peaks of short-time crosscorrelation
of reflection pulse train during adjacent optical pulse period in noisy case. The simulation results with the
same and different ROSS intervals show that the detection and location methods proposed are feasible and effective. The
system can be used to detect and locate different kinds of physical and chemical targets discretely distributed at the same
time, which can prompt state changes of the ROSSs. Although the proposed system is similar to the optical time domain
reflectometry (OTDR) in structure, it has better real time performance and lower cost than OTDR.
Similarity of adjacent-frame chaos waveforms from a semiconductor fiber ring laser (SFRL) is investigated numerically in sensing applications. An improved model of a chaos optical fiber fence system based on a SFRL is presented. The optical fiber’s SPM/XPM effects are considered. By this model adjacent-frame similarity’s determinants are studied by comparing their cross-correlation function peaks at different parameters. The relationships between the similarity and the optical fiber’s distributed linear birefringence effect, as well as SPM/XPM effects induced by the nonlinear birefringence are revealed by setting only one effect to work respectively. The characteristics of the chaos waveform with high similarity are researched by the autocorrelation function and power spectrum. The simulation results show that the similarity is more sensitive to the change of azimuth angle than that of the retardation angle of the polarization controller in the ring laser. It has almost no change with the ring length and injection current of semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). The optical fiber’s distributed linear birefringence and SPM/XPM effects mainly contribute to the formation of polarization chaos light however slightly decrease the similarity. The influence of nonlinear birefringence becomes big and decreases obviously the similarity only at an overlarge SOA current. The chaos waveforms with high similarity have big autocorrelation sub-peaks and the sub-peaks decrease slowly and gradually. Their power spectrums are mixed up with some periodic components. These results are helpful to choose the SFRL’s parameters for the accurate disturbance location in a chaos optical fiber fence system.
In this paper, we present the simulation results on the investigation of the impacts of PMD on the PolSK optical
transmission system. The model used for this study is a dual-channel, direct-detection PolSK optical transmission system
with improved receiver architecture. The quality Q factor of system is used as a parameter to evaluate quantitatively
PMD effects on the performances of this dual-channel PolSK system. The simulation results show that the PMD severely
impairs the transmission performances of the PoLSK system and resultantly limits the bit rate. The results also show that
with PMD compensation, the performances of the PolSK system can be effectively improved and the bit rate increases
greatly from 6 Gb/s to 22 Gb/s.
An analytical model for evaluating the performances of PMD-supported dual-channel, direct-detection optical
PolSK transmission systems with a simple-structure, pre-amplified receiver is presented. The BER in each
channel and an average BER of the system are evaluated based on the calculations of the noise probability
density functions by using the Karhunen-Lo`eve expansion and moment generating function. The PMD effects
in the fiber link are taken into account. Based on the proposed model, the calculated results for evaluating
performances of the PolSK system are presented.
In order to obtain simultaneously high sample rate and large buffer in data acquisition (DAQ) for a chaos fiber-optic
fence system, we developed a double-channel high-speed DAQ application of a digital oscilloscope of PicoScope 5203
based on LabVIEW. We accomplished it by creating call library function (CLF) nodes to call the DAQ functions in the
two dynamic link libraries (DLLs) of PS5000.dll and PS5000wrap.dll provided by Pico Technology Company. The
maximum real-time sample rate of the DAQ application can reach 1GS/s. We can control the resolutions of the
application at the sample time and data amplitudes by changing their units in the block diagram, and also control the start
and end times of the sampling operations. The experimental results show that the application has enough high sample
rate and large buffer to meet the demanding DAQ requirements of the chaos fiber-optic fence system.
We present a novel FBG moisture sensor system using a SOA-based fiber laser with two FBG sensors as resonator
mirrors. Two FBG sensors have same temperature coefficient and one of FBGs is coated by polyamide resin film as
moisture sensing material. This system is insensitive to temperature changes and the output power of the system is only
dependent on the moisture level to be monitored. The operation principle of the system is introduced and the initial
experimental results are demonstrated.
A novel SOA-based, dual-wavelength, FBG laser sensor system for simultaneously measuring vibration, temperature
and humidity is demonstrated. The sensor interrogations are completed with a wavelength matching
method by adjusting temperatures of two TECs to control wavelengths of two reference FBGs matching with
those of two sensor FBGs. Two corresponding TEC control signals are used as detection outputs for temperature
and humidity measurements. Some experimental results on simultaneous measurements of vibration, temperature
of the sensor system with a FBG vibration/temperature senor and a 10-layer polyimide coating FBG
humidity sensor are presented. The fundamental system performances in respects of the frequency response
of system in vibration measurements and the tracing of the Bragg wavelength of sensor FBG through a TEC
temperature control method were also demonstrated. The experimental results verified that the proposed FBG
laser sensor system has a desired detection performance. This sensor system can be used in many industrial
measurement fields, particularly in the electrical power industry for condition monitoring of power generators as
well as high-voltage power transformers.
Experimental studies on humidity measurements by using a FBG-based humidity sensor with multi-layer polyimide
coating are demonstrated. As an important sensing application, the FBG humidity sensors have many
unique advantages, such as immunity to electromagnetic interference and compact size, over the conventional
electrical humidity sensor. In the detection principle, The Bragg wavelength of the FBG sensor shifts with the
volume of the moisture absorbed by the polyimide film coated on the FBG. Experimental results show a good
linear relationship between the shifts of the Bragg wavelength of FBG sensor and the changes in the relative
humidity level. The preliminary experiments for investigating the performances of this polyimide-coating FBG
humidity sensor were carried out and several experimental results in measurements of the relative humidity in
air and moisture in oil are presented.
A novel fiber-optic distribution monitoring system using birefringent optical circuit synthesis (BOCS) method
to monitor the external influences on the fiber is demonstrated. The detection mechanism is based on the
synthesis of the transfer function of sensing fiber by using the measurement values of Stokes parameters of
transmission light with a optical frequency scanning. The sensing fiber is modeled as one with the birefringence
distribution characteristic and is divided into a series of birefringent lattice segments. The mode coupling angle
at each birefringent segment is taken as the sensing parameter and its variation distribution as the perturbation
distribution along the fiber length can be derived from two profiles of mode coupling angle obtained from
the BOCS. The operation principles of the proposed system is described and several experimental results are
demonstrated. At last, the discussions on the experimental results and the limitations of the proposed detection
method are presented.
The dynamic model of semiconductor fiber ring laser (SFRL) is improved by employing the distributed birefringence
model of the fiber. A matrix is introduced to the laser model which is made up of a stochastic sequence with Rayleigh
distribution. The framing structure characteristic of chaos waveform and the similarity of adjacent frames are observed
with this improved model. It is the fiber birefringence that contributes to the framing structure of output chaos
waveforms and the adjacent-frame similarity. The disturbance changed the birefringence Rayleigh distributed and then
changed the Jones matrix of the fiber ring. Namely, the initial state of the chaotic system is changed. Duo to the
sensitivity of a chaotic system to its initial conditions, the change brings variety in the output waveform. Therefore the
adjacent-frame similarity decreases when a disturbance acts on the fiber. The disturbance in different position leads to
different decrement in the degree of similarity of adjacent frames. So the validity of the cross-correlation method for
detecting and locating a disturbance is confirmed by the simulation again.
A recognition method based on the gait characteristic for walking intrusion signal is presented. The gait characteristic of
a normal walker in the nature state is an average gait period of 1.2s, in which a step period is about 0.6s and a foot
touchdown time is about 0.2s. When a person walks fast or runs, the step period is reduced to about 0.4s and the foot
touchdown time still keeps about 0.2s. It is included in the vibration signal caused by a walking intruder inevitably. So
the detection system output signal caused by a human intrusion is intermittent and periodical. If a sensing system output
waveform has a period of 0.3-0.75s and a duration time of 0.15-0.25s, the disturbance source can be adjudged as a
human intrusion, not as an animal or other random one. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the
experimental results with an in-line Sagnac interferometer fiber fence system and a φ-OTDR intrusion detection system,
respectively.
Temporal coherence of chaotic light with dynamically fluctuating in the state of polarization out of a fiber ring laser
based on semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is investigated. The coherence of the chaotic light is verified by
employing Sagnac interferometer, and only the zero-order coherence is observed. Visibility of interference streak is
measured in different optical path differences by M-Z interferometer and coherence time of the chaotic laser with 40ps is
obtained. Spectrum of the chaotic laser is measured, which is almost the same as that of normal laser light. According to
the spectrum, coherence length of the chaotic light is 13mm, then, the coherence time is 43ps, which is basically
consistent with the time of 40ps obtained from the experiment. Also it is got that temporal coherence of the chaotic light
is independent on current of SOA by experiment. Finally, the superiority of chaos laser's coherence in resolution and
sensitivity is indicated when it is applied to the field of low coherence optical source detection.
A time series of experimental optical chaos signal with dynamic equation unknown and low SNR is obtained. The
wavelet multi-resolution decomposition algorithm is applied here to reduce the noise mixed in the experimental optical
chaos signal. The performance of the algorithm is verified by Lorenz chaos signal mixed with noise, which shows that
the SNR is increased by 10dB or so. Some parameters of the optical chaos attributes are calculated before and after
noise-reduction. It shows that the noise-reduction algorithm can improve the precision of the Lyapunov exponent
calculated with small data method, and a completely opposite wrong result can be avoided by the noise-reduction process
when computing the minimum embedding dimension with Cao method. The small data sets method is improved by Cao
method (minimum embedding dimension) and mutual information method (delay time). As the result is shown, the error
of the largest Lyapunov exponent is reduced by nearly 30%, and the largest Lyapunov exponent of the optical chaos
signal is 0.3896 obtained with this method.
An improved method of distinguishing chaotic signal based on Wigner distribution (WD) is presented. Except for the
width of spectrum, the peak values speciality of time-frequency in 3-dimensional figure is employed to distinguish
chaotic signal. The method is verified by Lorenz system. The Wigner distribution of the chaotic signal is compared with
that of the gauss noise, and the result dedicated that the spectrums of them can be distinguished. The Wigner distribution
is used to dispose the chaotic signal of the fiber ring laser base on Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) too, and the
result is consistent with that of Lorenz system. In the conclusion, 3-dimensional WD distribution could more accurately
show chaos spectrum characteristic and could be an effective method for distinguishing the chaos and other signals.
An optical secure communication system based on digital chaos and Polarization Shift Keying (PolSK) technology is
proposed. In several selected PolSK schemes, states of polarization are partially or totally uniform on Poincare sphere.
Different PolSK schemes are chosen according to the real-time chaos-based pseudo-random sequences to modulate
original information in different periods of clock of the transmitter. In the receiver, according to the synchronous chaotic
sequences, corresponding PolSK schemes are used to demodulate the information. Simulation is carried out by using the
softwares of OptiSystem and Matlab. Some analysis results are presented. In the conclusion, this system works well in
communication and has strong anti-attack capacity.
Based on typical triangular arrangement of air holes with equivalent diameter size, enlarging eight air holes of arranged
in the diamond shape closing to the core of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) to form asymmetry structure of section, this kind
of peculiar arrangement of air holes in inner-cladding can make modal field present some birefringence character and
birefringence degree can be obtained at the magnitude of 10-4. Here, a series of characters about designed PCFs, such as
modal field, dispersion, effective refractive index in two orthogonal directions, and birefringence are investigated.
Generally, in the section of photonic crystal fiber, all air holes are arranged to a triangular regulation, when the size of air holes, the pitch of between neighboring air holes, and refractive index of background material are mapped optimally, one missing air hole in the central of section can localize optical field and form a single mode fiber. Here, each air hole is replaced by twin air holes with fixed distance and axis direction. Accordingly, we can think the central of
section where twin air holes missing is the core of fiber, and optical field is guided in here. In the novel photonic crystal
fiber, all twin air holes arranged according to identical axis direction in the cladding of PCF bring an asymmetry structure of section, and birefringence can come into being in this novel PCFs. After some parameters are selected optimally, the effective refractive index difference between two orthogonal directions Δneff can reach the magnitude of 10-4. From the result of numerical calculation, we also can see that the birefringence parameter Δneff can increase
slightly when the distance between twin air holes is shortened a little but keeping each air holes size and the pitch of
neighboring cell composed by twin air holes.
An experimental system used for the chaotic optical communication with the polarization shift-keying (PolSK) modulation technology is presented. In this experimental system, a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) based fiber-ring laser is taken as a dynamical chaotic transmitter and the states of polarization (SOPs) of the light wave is modulated through a cross phase modulation (XPM) effect in the SOA by the input message light. The chaotic receiver which is based on a time-delayed configuration can establish the synchronization with the transmitter, so that the transmitted message is restored from the chaotic carrier through a dynamical detection of SOPs of transmission light waves with two polarization detectors. A 5-km long single mode fiber was used as the communication channel. The round-trip time and SOPs of the fiber ring in this system are key parameters to establish the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver. The operation principle of the system was introduced and basic performances of the system were investigated. A chaotic transmission experiment with this system by using a 27-bit RZ sequence at 630 Mb/s was carried out and the message was successfully recovered from the chaotic carriers after 5-km long fiber transmission.
Analysis of monolithic integrated MQW waveguide and passive waveguide with ATG structure is presented by using normal modes theory. It is based on the analysis of normal modes of asymmetric five-layer waveguide, combined with theoretic model of MQW waveguide. The electromagnetic field distribution, dispersion equation, calculation and simulation results are reported.
KEYWORDS: Data conversion, Eye, Signal attenuation, Optical filters, Active optics, Optical attenuators, Modulation, Binary data, Waveguides, Refractive index
All-optical wavelength conversion is demonstrated by using a spectrum-sliced amplified spontaneous emission
(ASE) in the semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) as the probe light and a delay interference configuration.
Characteristics of the ASE output in terms of its spectral dependences under the co-propagating injection by a
signal light are analyzed theoretically. Analytical expressions for the ASE output in terms of power and phase
changes in the wavelength conversion are deduced. An experimental system based on this scheme is built and
its operation principles are introduced. System's performances are investigated and several experimental results
on measurements of bit error ratios, extinction ratios under different wavelengths and time waveforms as well as
eye diagrams are presented.
A MAC scheme of HORNET based on PRI and node structure with variable optical buffer is reported. When collision is detected in an AP, PRI of this coming packet is compared with that of the packet being transmitted, if priority of the former is low, it will be routed into a variable optical buffer to loop for the latter. If its priority is high, the buffer will be closed, and the coming packet will be transmitted undisturbedly. On the other hand, the packet being transmitted is terminated, and the transmitter sends out a jamming signal. The downstream AP recognizes the incomplete packet by the presence of the jamming signal and pulls it off the ring. The AP can reschedule the transmission of the packet for a later time. Thus it can be ensured that the packet with high PRI will be transmitted first when conflict emerges.
A new scheme of variable optical buffer for IP packets is reported. It may be used in access control of HORNET (Hybrid Optoelectronic Ring NETwork), to avoid collision of added packet and the packet already on the ring and improve the loss ratio of the packets. In this scheme, a new multi-wavelength fiber loop memory technique is employed. This architecture uses the wavelength converter (WC) to specify the packets delay and wavelength conversion is accomplished by the technique of four-wave-mixing (FWM) with a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). The range of delay is 10 to 9990 bytes periods. First, architecture, operation principle, characteristics and applications of this scheme of variable optical buffer are introduced. Next, a new unslotted CSMA/CA MAC scheme based on the variable optical buffer is briefly introduced too. Finally, the simulation results are presented.
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