The results of the study of the chemical composition of the snow cover in Ulan-Ude and the background area of the Republic of Buryatia in 2022 are presented. It was established that the snow melt waters in Ulan-Ude belonged to the sulfate class, calcium group. The maximum concentrations of major ions and compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus were determined near thermal power facilities. The relative content of the suspended form of total phosphorus in snow melt water was significantly higher than the content of its dissolved form. Nitrate nitrogen was the predominant form of mineral nitrogen. The accumulation of most pollutants in the snow cover in Ulan-Ude was significantly higher than in the background area.
The results of studies of the chemical composition of the snow cover on the northeastern coast of Lake Baikal, the Republic of Buryatia, are presented. Snow samples were taken along the Ulan-Ude – Kurumkan route, in the delta region of the Barguzin River, from the ice of Barguzin Bay and northern Baikal. Groups of sources affecting the composition of atmospheric fallout in the background regions of the Baikal region were determined using the statistical methods of data processing. Based on the calculation data for the dispersion of anthropogenic impurities from large source cities during the period of stable snow cover (November 2021 – February 2022), the percentage of adverse weather conditions, in which emissions could reach the northeastern coast, was obtained. The features of the spatial distribution of marker substances in the background regions of the Baikal region were studied, and the accumulation of chemicals in the snow cover was visualized on maps.
The paper presents the results of studies of petroleum products content in snow water and shows their spatial distribution in the BPT during the winter period of 2022. The highest concentrations of petroleum products were found in the industrial cities of the Baikal region. The conclusion about the local nature of the spread of petroleum products from the source of emission is performed. The assessment of the degree of contamination of snow water with petroleum products in accordance with the sanitary and hygienic standards for water bodies of fishery purposes was carried out. The levels of accumulation in the snow cover of petroleum products on the underlying surface of BNA and Lake Baikal were calculated. Petroleum products accumulation on the lake surface during the winter period is about 11 tons.
This study presents the research results of chemical composition of the snow cover in the Baikal region exposed to aerotechnogenic emissions from pollution sources located in the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia. The samples of snow cover taken along the Irkutsk–Listvyanka route, in the Selenga River delta and in the territory of the Baikal State Natural Biosphere Reserve were analyzed. The features of the spatial distribution of tracers from large industrial centers in the southern Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia along the prevailing air mass transfers were studied. The percentage of unfavorable meteorological situations in which emissions from regional anthropogenic pollution sources could reach the coast of Lake Baikal was determined based on the calculations of spatial distribution of anthropogenic impurities from large cities being sources of pollution (HYSPLIT). The model of spatial distribution of anthropogenic substances from the large industrial centers of the Baikal region along the prevailing air mass transfers was shown.
In light of the extremely high spatiotemporal variability of meteorological conditions, we propose a method for precipitation observation, which allows us to determine its composition depending on the factors of air mass formation, in order to monitor the processes of distribution and deposition of anthropogenic impurities in the Central Ecological Zone of Lake Baikal. By combining trajectory and chemical analyses, we identified the main factors influencing the formation of the chemical composition of precipitation. All events were divided into groups by the similar conditions of air mass formation and by the chemical composition. The main factors are local background, area of air mass formation, synoptic parameters, and intensity of wildfires.
Being a natural sink, snow cover accumulates pollutants during the entire winter period, and, thus, it is a cumulative indicator of atmospheric pollution. The study of the snow cover shows that the cities of Irkutsk, Shelekhov, and Angarsk are polluted significantly. To evaluate the level of atmospheric pollution in the industrial centers of Southern Pribaikalye (Irkutsk, Angarsk, and Shelekhov), the elemental composition of the snow cover of 2020 was analyzed. According to the data obtained from the research, the total index of snow cover pollution, which characterizes the effect made by the group of elements, was calculated. The spatial distribution of the index for every single city is shown. The comparative characteristic of the level of atmospheric pollution in these cities is given.
This article investigates the relationship between the level of environmental pollution and morbidity of the population in the industrial centres of the Southern Baikal region. To determine the level of environmental pollution, a chemical analysis of snow sampled in three large industrial centres of the Irkutsk Region was carried out. The methods of statistical data processing (RStudio programme) revealed the groups of anthropogenic sources that had the maximum impact on the ecosystem of the cities in the Irkutsk agglomeration. We studied the relationships between the main pollutants and diseases associated with them. The variability in the morbidity of the population and the chemical composition of the snow was compared for 2013 and 2020.
Chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol, atmospheric precipitation, and dry deposition in the industrial center of the Eastern Siberia, town of Irkutsk, in 2019-2020 was analyzed. 2019 is characterized by the record-breaking forest fires in the Siberian Region for the last 10 years. Sulfur and nitrogen streams flowing with atmospheric depositions to the underlying surface in Irkutsk were calculated. Sulfur and nitrogen inputs with atmospheric precipitation were higher than with dry depositions. It is noted that the flows of these substances were more intensive in 2019, especially during the warm season of the year. This study was supported by the State Project 0279-2021-0014.
This article analyses the results of the in-situ automatic recording of the concentrations of pollutants in the atmospheric boundary layer at the Listvyanka monitoring station (southern basin of Lake Baikal). During the northwesterly transport, poorly scattered plumes of air emissions from large regional thermal power plants (the cities of Irkutsk and Angarsk) are often recorded in this area, carrying large amounts of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides as well as coarse aerosol (PM10). In the process of transport, nitrogen oxides are the first to be rapidly oxidized by ozone. This contributes to an increase in the acidity of atmospheric precipitation at Lake Baikal and in nitrate deposition in the water area. Spatial scale and potential risks of regional transport of air pollution for the ecosystem of the lake require further research.
The long-term (1997-2020) comprehensive investigations at the EANET surface water monitoring station Pereemnaya River allowed defining changes of chemical composition of snow and river water on the southeast coast of Lake Baikal. We demonstrated that deicing salts, highway and railway transport as well as the transfer of gaseous contaminants from the Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo industrial zone are the main sources of pollution of the snow cover after the shutdown of the Baikalsk Paper and Pulp Mill. The impact of these sources changed the composition of major ions and reduced the equivalent concentration ratio of major cations and anions as well as pH value of snow water. The multiyear input of acid precipitation to the Pereemnaya River resulted in its acidification. Its water becomes little by little richer in minerals due to intensification of rock erosion under the impact of acid precipitation.
The chemical composition of aerosol and precipitations on the southwest coast of Baikal during intensive forest fires in Krasnoyarsky Kray and Yakutia in July 2018 was analyzed. An increase in the concentrations of ions and PAHs in the fine fractions of aerosol particles (<1.3μm) sampled in Listvyanka was observed. The concentrations of Na+, K+, Ca2+, SO4 2- and PAHs in the composition of the aerosol in Bolshie Koty within the period were increased. According to the analysis of the synoptic situations and chemical composition of atmospheric depositions, the aerosol sampled in 15-18 June 2018 was a product of forest fires.
The results of the study of the chemical composition of snow cover in the Baikal Region are presented. The data on the Baikal-Lena Nature Reserve are compared with the data obtained on the cities of Irkutsk, Angarsk, Shelekhov, and the areas indirectly affected by big industrial enterprises. It can be seen that, according to the concentration values of a greater part of components, the chemical composition of snow cover in the reserve can serve as a background characteristic for the Baikal region as a whole.
This paper examines the relationship between the environmental pollution level and morbidity in the population of industrial centers of the Southern Baikal. The relationship between the averaged observation data on the chemical composition of snow cover and morbidity in urban population is analyzed. The analysis shows that the largest number of cases of a disease in the population of studied cities is connected with the high concentrations of anthropogenic pollutants in snow cover. It was discovered that the high concentrations of aluminum and fluoride in the atmospheric air increase the number of cases of skeletal system disorders and subcutaneous tissue diseases. High concentrations of cadmium, arsenic, and copper, determined in snow cover, are connected with high cancer rates in the population. The relationship between pollutant emission to the atmosphere from stationary sources and respiratory system diseases is studied.
On the basis of the hydrochemical data available for the period of 1996-2019, the changes in the chemical composition of snowmelt and river waters on the southeast coast of Lake Baikal, that were under the long-term influence of industrial emission impact, are assessed. The study shows that the closure of the Baikalsk Pulp and Paper Mill in 2013 resulted in the decrease in the concentrations of metal cations in snow cover and in their neutralization capacity. Snow water pH value decreased, and the relative composition of major ions changed as well. In the catchment area of the Khara-Murin and Pereemnaya Rivers, hydrogen became the dominant cation during snowmelt. Further reduction of river water (especially low mineralized river water) resistance to acid components is registered.
This paper provides the study of snow cover in Irkutsk Oblast industrial centers (Eastern Siberia), such as Angarsk, Irkutsk, and Shelekhov. Elemental composition is represented as an environment pollution indicator. A group of elements was determined for each city characterizing main anthropogenic emission sources. High level of snow cover pollution was found in Angarsk. Chemical composition of snow cover in Shelekhov is indicative of high aluminum concentrations. Metal accumulations were calculated in snow cover in these industrial cities and compared with the data on the background area (Baikal-Lena Nature Reserve). Ratio of soluble and insoluble forms of elements in snow cover was studied.
The results of the observation of the chemical composition of precipitation at two air monitoring sites, Irkutsk and Listvyanka (Baikal Region, Russia), are presented in this article. The seasonal dynamics of the concentrations of heavy metals in precipitation was traced. The comparative analysis of the chemical composition of precipitation was carried out at monitoring sites, which are influenced by anthropogenic pressures of various degrees of severity. Fluxes of heavy metals on the underlying terrain were calculated.
Results of air surface aerosol and precipitation ion content studies done at the Listvyanka Station (Southern Pribaikalye) during 2000-2015 are discussed. The studies were performed by Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Irkutsk, Russia) in continuous monitoring mode. Peculiarities of seasonal and interannual variability of aerosol and precipitation ion content are analyzed. A reduction of aerosol ion concentrations is observed since 2000 to 2015, while no such reduction of ion concentrations is seen in precipitation. The mean annual pH value and nitrate content show a tendency to decrease with simultaneous growth of sulfate and ammonium concentrations. Aerosol ion content changed in 2010-2015 as compared to the 1990’s. The change of aerosol and precipitation ion content is induced by climate change (warming, growing rain and snowfall) in the Baikal Region as well as by shift of heat and power plants emission components towards reduction of ash fraction and increase of acidulous gases.
Optical characteristics of Baikal water and their inter-annual, seasonal and diurnal variability depend on plankton composition, suspended particles of organic and inorganic substances, and dissolved chemical compounds. This work analyses the results of comprehensive studies on spatial distribution of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, and silicon) in the water area of Southern Baikal performed in August 2014. The authors also compare the results of spatial measurements with the data of long-term observations in the littoral zone for summer conditions carried out at the Scientific Research Station of Limnological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
The results on monitoring of chemical structure of atmospheric precipitation at Lake Baikal region are presented. The factors influencing on acidity and mineralization of wet deposition at different sites of the region (background, rural and urban) are considered. The special attention is given to dynamics of pH value, contents sulfates and nitrates. It is shown, that an acidity of precipitation is influenced not by absolute amount of strong acids anions, but by ratios of anions and cations in wet deposition. The fluxes of acidifying ions on an underlying surface of considered region are evaluated. With the help of mathematical simulation the possible contribution of regional anthropogeneous sources to acid loads (sulfuric and nitric acids) on water area of Southern Baikal with wet deposition is estimated.
In an outcome of two-years observations in the region of Southern Baikal, experimental data about inter-annual variability of 7-10 day's average concentrations of some acid gases, as well as main ions in soluble faction of atmospheric aerosols and in rains. The evaluations of a dry deposition amount are represented, in comparision with the measured wet deposition. In the summer period the dry and wet deposition in considered region are close on magnitude, but in an annual sum the dry deposition essentially predominates because of their highest contribution in the winter period. As a whole, the results are satisfactorily agreed with obtained earlier observations in different parts of the Baikal region. In addition to experimental studies, the accounts with the help of the mathematical model based on numerical solution of the spatial non-linear non-stationary semi-empirical equation of a turbulent diffusion of impurity were made. In an outcome of conducted numerical experiments with the model the spatial fields of monthly average concentration of both sulphur and nitrogen compounds and a small gas components of the atmosphere over considered region were obtained.
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