Geological sequestration of CO2 in the pore space of subsurface rock formations offers a safe and permanent carbon storage solution. In this work, we present the application of a pore-scale flow simulator to the study of CO2 storage in geological formations. We model the rock pore space geometry, extracted from high-resolution X-ray microtomography images of suitable rocks as a network of connected capillaries. Assuming piston-like flow within each capillary and conservation of mass at each network node, a large system of equations can be solved to compute properties like pressure distribution or flow rate at each point in the network. Multi-phase flow simulations track the displacement in time of the fluid interface within each capillary. These dynamic simulations on the high-resolution capillary network representation of the rock are very computationally costly. Alternatively, analysis is carried out on the aggregate results of multiple two-phase flow simulations on several statistically equivalent capillary network models of the rock sample, which retain topological properties of the original at a significantly lower computational cost. We performed a sensitivity analysis with respect to multiple fluid parameters, such as viscosity, interfacial tension, contact angle, pressure, and temperature, and quantify their influence on the infiltration and retention of CO2 inside a capillary network that is representative of an actual rock.
Carbon dioxide capture and storage into underground geological formations is a promising route to reduce emissions into the atmosphere and limit global warming. Geo-sequestration involves the injection of carbon laden solutions directly into the pore space in sedimentary rocks, saline formations, or abandoned oil fields. More scientific research is still needed to understand how the pore structure and material properties of the rock matrix influence the extent to which pressurized fluids can be injected and permeate the pore network. Our research focuses on studying the fundamental mechanics of pore infiltration at micro- and nanoscopic scales to develop a comprehensive model of carbon dioxide sequestration within geological pore networks. We are using single and two-phase flow simulations of fluid injection into the rock pore space, modeled as a network of capillaries representing the geometry extracted from high-resolution X-ray microtomography of suitable rocks. To experimentally validate the simulation results, we have developed a Si/SiO2 lab-on-chip platform for testing porosity models on well-defined geometries at the microscale. The single and multiphase flow measurements performed on the microfluidic chip are monitored with optical microscopy in real time. In this contribution, we will report the progress in our research and development of optical imaging techniques applied to the microfluidic chip. Specifically, we demonstrate how advanced image analysis can be used to extract information about the flow properties. The image analysis results are critical for calibrating high-accuracy flow simulation models for pore scale injection and mineralization of carbon dioxide. The rock-on-chip platform is used also to measure chemical and physical processes governing the carbonate precipitation step of CO2 mineralization. The reaction of CO2 in the microfluidic channels can be detected through crystal formation over time. Fluorescence microscopy and Raman-spectroscopy is used to monitor carbonate precipitation rates directly on chip, to map minerals and track reaction kinetics under different conditions.
Colorimetric detection using microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) and smartphones enable lowcost mobile chemical analysis solutions. However, variable illumination conditions and phone characteristics (i.e. camera hardware and software capabilities) limit the accurate interpretation and reproducibility of quantitative results. In this paper, we describe a method to automatically compensate an image captured by a smartphone camera under variable illumination conditions. By incorporating a two-step algorithm, we approximate the mobile camera picture color distribution to resemble a laboratory-grade measurement under reference illumination conditions. For every test image, the algorithm first applies a color mapping step that performs histogram matching of a set of color reference spots printed on the device to a laboratory reference measurement. After this initial correction step, a transformation matrix is computed via a least-square fit to minimize the differences between the device and the laboratory references. This matrix is then applied to the RGB channel values obtained from a µPAD to correct for illumination variations. The methodology was tested by correcting a test dataset captured using a smartphone to approximate to a calibration dataset acquired using a lab-grade camera. After correction, the relative error between the datasets fell to 10-20%, leading to an increase in classification accuracy between 12-33%. This approach enables colorimetric chemical analysis with smartphones outside the lab, removing the need to control external lighting conditions.
KEYWORDS: Data modeling, RGB color model, Microfluidics, Machine learning, Chemical analysis, Cameras, Image analysis, Environmental sensing, Cell phones, Biological and chemical sensing
Colorimetric analysis is being broadly applied in chemical sensing today; however, detection ranges and resolution limits are typically modest. In this paper, we introduce a methodology to quantify the colorimetric chemical response on a paper-based microfluidic device that enables high-resolution colorimetric detection over a broad pH range. We have achieved this by combining data from various indicators displaying sensitivity on partially overlapping small pH ranges and training machine learning classification models to the colorimetric output. The training dataset consists of images taken from the colorimetric response of three different pH indicators previously deposited on circular spots of a multilayer paper-based device, captured with a reference lab-grade camera. Instead of restricting the use of each pH indicator to their linear response regime within the RGB space, the models are trained against data spanning the entire range of pH values, from 3 to 9, in increments of 0.1, exploring the optimum combination of feature engineering and classification model to maximize the overall model accuracy. The combined analysis of image data captured simultaneously with the three indicators resulted in a pH detection accuracy above 85% with over the entire pH range with resolution down to 0.2 pH points. The demonstrated detection range and resolution are well-suited to support various applications in environmental and industrial analysis.
KEYWORDS: Luminescence, Microfluidics, Dielectrophoresis, Signal detection, Clouds, Signal processing, Prototyping, Fluorescence spectroscopy, Data storage
In this paper, we describe the components of a portable point-of-analysis (PoA) platform prototype. This prototype is capable of simultaneously controlling the operation of integrated electrodes in the microchannels of a capillary-driven microfluidics device, which is used to manipulate microbeads flowing with the fluid, detection and analysis of the fluorescence signal emitted by the labeled proteins captured on the microbeads surface. The microfluidic chip employs integrated planar metallic electrodes inside the microchannels for creating a highly localized non-uniform electric field, capable of manipulating and immobilizing polystyrene microbeads of diameter from 1 μm to 10 μm in the flowing fluid, via dielectrophoresis. The analysis platform integrates several modules responsible for energizing and controlling the electrodes in the chip, generating and detecting the fluorescence signal, processing and transforming the captured data, communicating and providing access to cloud storage through the smartphone and securely handling the chip in a dark chamber. A mobile device application manages the platform operation via Bluetooth and connects to a Cloud service for further data storage and analysis. We demonstrate the operation of the analysis device by measuring the fluorescence emission of functionalized 3 μm microbeads trapped via dielectrophoresis above the integrated electrodes as they reach a trapping equilibrium state.
Paper-based microfluidic devices offer great potential as a low-cost platform to perform chemical and biochemical tests. Commercially available formats such as dipsticks and lateral-flow test devices are widely popular as they are easy to handle and produce fast and unambiguous results. Although these simple devices lack precise control over the flow to enable integration of complex functionality for multistep processes or the ability to multiplex several tests, intense research in this area is rapidly expanding the possibilities. Modeling and simulation is increasingly more instrumental in gaining insight into the underlying physics driving the processes inside the channels; however, simulation of flow in paper-based microfluidic devices has barely been explored to aid in the optimum design and prototyping of these devices for precise control of the flow. We implement a multiphase fluid flow model through porous media for the simulation of paper imbibition of an incompressible, Newtonian fluid such as when water, urine, or serum is employed. The formulation incorporates mass and momentum conservation equations under Stokes flow conditions and results in two coupled Darcy’s law equations for the pressures and saturations of the wetting and nonwetting phases, further simplified to the Richard’s equation for the saturation of the wetting fluid, which is then solved using a finite element solver. The model tracks the wetting fluid front as it displaces the nonwetting fluid by computing the time-dependent saturation of the wetting fluid. We apply this to the study of liquid transport in two-dimensional paper networks and validate against experimental data concerning the wetting dynamics of paper layouts of varying geometries.
Paper-based microfluidic devices offer great potential as a low-cost platform to perform chemical and biochemical tests. Commercially available formats such as dipsticks and lateral-flow test devices are widely popular as they are easy to handle and produce fast and unambiguous results. While these simple devices lack precise control over the flow to enable integration of complex functionality for multi-step processes or the ability to multiplex several tests, intense research in this area is rapidly expanding the possibilities. Modeling and simulation is increasingly more instrumental in gaining insight into the underlying physics driving the processes inside the channels, however simulation of flow in paper-based microfluidic devices has barely been explored to aid in the optimum design and prototyping of these devices for precise control of the flow. In this paper, we implement a multiphase fluid flow model through porous media for the simulation of paper imbibition of an incompressible, Newtonian fluid such as when water, urine or serum is employed. The formulation incorporates mass and momentum conservation equations under Stokes flow conditions and results in two coupled Darcy’s law equations for the pressures and saturations of the wetting and non-wetting phases, further simplified to the Richard’s equation for the saturation of the wetting fluid, which is then solved using a Finite Element solver. The model tracks the wetting fluid front as it displaces the non-wetting fluid by computing the time-dependent saturation of the wetting fluid. We apply this to the study of liquid transport in two-dimensional paper networks and validate against experimental data concerning the wetting dynamics of paper layouts of varying geometries.
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