A new Chemical Oxygen-Iodine Laser (COIL) has been developed and demonstrated at chlorine flow rates up to 1 gmol/s. The laser employs a cross flow jet oxygen generator operating with no diluent. The generator product flow enters the laser cavity at Mach 1 and is accelerated by mixing with 5 gmol/s, Mach 5 nitrogen diluent in an ejector nozzle array. The nitrogen also serves as the carrier for iodine. Vortex mixing is achieved through the use of mixing tabs at the nitrogen nozzle exit. Mixing approach design and analysis, including CFD analysis, led to the preferred nozzle configuration. The selected mixing enhancement design was tested in cold flow and the results are in good agreement with the CFD predictions. Good mixing was achieved within the desired cavity flow length of 20 cm and pressure recovery about 90 Torr was measured at the cavity exit. Finally, the design was incorporated into the laser and power extraction as high as 20 kw was measured at the best operating condition of 0.9 gmol/s. Stable resonator mode footprints showed desieable intensity profiles, which none of the sugar scoop profiles characteristic of the conventional COIL designs.
It is proposed that the primary standards of length and time have now reached a sufficient level of maturity that they may be removed from the standards laboratories and used directly for measurement calibration with minimal recourse to the use of intermediate secondary standards. In particular, if a measurement can be configured to give a time-related output such as decay time, time of flight (TOF), frequency, or phase shift, then direct traceability to the primary atomic clock standard can be realized through use of the LORAN C or global position satellite systems. Twelve illustrative examples are considered covering a wide range of optical and spectroscopic measurements. This approach is then extended to mass, the remaining primary standard that is not currently photon based. An optical definition of mass is realizable in terms of length and time through the angular momentum properties of the photon measured using the torsion balance. The constant 2π/h gives the circularly polarized photon flux required to produce a torque of 1 N . m from which mass may be derived in terms of the mechanical moment of inertia. The need to distinguish the sign as well as the magnitude ofthe photon angular momentum then suggests that the unit of time should also have a sign. This sign distinguishes the roles of left and right circularly polarized light for matter and antimatter.
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