Trapezoid index modulation (TIM) is introduced in long period fiber grating to decrease the index change. The coupled-mode equations of long period grating with trapezoid index modulation have been presented. The coupled interactions considered in these equations include not only the self-coupling of the core mode and the coupling between the fundamental core mode and the cladding modes, but also the self-coupling of the cladding modes. Compared with the long-period fiber grating with rectangle index modulation (RIM), the advantage of this novel grating is that it needs a smaller refractive index change. The value of refractive index change decreases with the increasing of the difference between the top width and the bottom width. When the difference between the top width and the bottom width is 30 μm, the refractive index change is only 80.2% of that of the long-period fiber grating with rectangle index modulation. Trapezoid index modulation can also be applied to the fiber Bragg and sampled grating to decrease the refractive index change. Sixteen uniform channels filtering with small refractive index change are also demonstrated.
The MOEMS 2×2 optical switch with slant lower electrode and with torsion beam on silicon is designed and analyzed theoretically. Analytical formulae for the squeeze film damping coefficient and the squeeze film damping moment on the cantilever beam of the optical switch are derived. Based on the torsion dynamics theory, the technique and relative results are presented for analyzing the actuating voltage and the switch time. The optimized result of parameters is as: length, width and thickness of the torsion beam are 700, 12 and 10 um, length and width of the cantilever beam are 1900 and 1000 um, length and width of the balance beam are 100 and 1000 um, shortest spacing between the upper and lower electrodes is 0.05 um, and highness of the lower electrode is 55 um, respectively. The actuating voltage is less than 10 V, and the switching time of Ton and Toff are 1.30ms and 1.25ms, respectively. The computed results show that the air squeeze film damping is an important factor for the study of dynamic response on MOEMS optical switch.
The variable optical attenuator (VOA) has played very important roles in wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) systems, it is an essential optical component aimed to continuously adjust the optical power transmitting in optical networks. In this paper, we began to study a new type of variable optical attenuator using polymer liquid crystal material. We hanged the liquid crystal technologies and MEMS technologies together to design variable optical attenuator. This paper describes the methods and process of the preparation of polymer liquid crystal material, presents some experimental results obtained in laboratory.
Indium tin oxide (ITO) films as transparent conductors have caused a great deal of interest due to their prominent electro-optical behavior. This paper describes a study of the properties of ITO thin films that are used for a new type variable optical attenuator using polymer network liquid crystal (PNLC). The mechanism of PNLC optical attenuator operation is that the light from the input fiber is scattered when no voltage is applied, and the light passes through the attenuator when sufficient voltage is applied. So the ITO thin films can provide transparent electrodes for PNLC. They were deposited under various preparation conditions using the radio-frequency (rf) magnetron sputtering technique. Here discuss the results of the structural, electrical and optical properties of the ITO films. The paper presents some experimental results obtained in laboratory.
The diffraction characteristics are analyzed for a polymer arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) multiplexer around the central wavelength of 1.55 μm with the wavelength spacing of 1.6 nm. The diffraction loss and diffraction efficiency in the input and the output slab waveguide are investigated and discussed for different values of parameters, such as the core width, pitch of adjacent waveguides, the number of arrayed waveguides, taper end width of waveguides, and number of output wavelength. Finally, we give a set of parameters which have been optimized in this device.
The optical variable attenuators (VOA) play important roles in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmutation systems, this paper describes a new type variable optical attenuator made by using fiber U-grooves in silicon wafer and polymer-network liquid crystal. Fibers are placed in the U-grooves of silicon wafer, and the
polymer-network liquid crystal is filled in the gaps between the ends of the docking fibers. The paper explains the principle of the attenuator operation and presents experimental method in laboratory.
Using pure aqueous KOH solution and a one-level mask, the reflective micromirror in the direction <100> and the fibers self-aligned V-grooves in the direction <110> were fabricated on the (100) silicon. Reflective micromirror is a part of {100} family; the surface of the mirror is perpendicular at the optical axes. The deviation brought by manual assemble can be decreased by crystal orientation self-aligned between the micromirror and fibers. Using Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), the measured the surface roughness of the reflective micromirror is below 40nm, at a wavelength of 1550nm the reflectivity ofthe micromirror was measured to be higher than 80%.
An arrayed-waveguide grating multiplexer is demonstrated, which is successfully designed and fabricated . A wavelength channel spacing was 1 .6nm, a crosstalk of less than —20dB and the insertion loss was 7-12dB around 1.55?m. The polarization-dependent wavelength shift was very small without special compensation methods.
On the basis of the arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) multiplexer theory, some important parameters are optimized for the structural design of a polymer AWG multiplexer around the central wavelength of 1.55micrometers with the wavelength spacing of 1.6nm. These parameters include the thickness and width of the guide core, mode effective refraction indicees and group refractive index. Pitch of adjacent waveguides, diffraction order, path length difference of adjacent arrayed waveguides, focal length of slab waveguides, free spectral range, number of input/output waveguides, and that of arrayed waveguides.
Under the condition of zero net strain, the effect of high temperature on the optical gain and threshold characteristics and the dependence of the characteristic temperature on the cavity length are analyzed theoretically for InGaAs/InGaAsP strain-compensated multiple quantum well (SCMQW) lasers lattice-matched to InP around 1.55 micrometers wavelength emission. The computed results show that as the temperature increases, both the threshold carrier density and the threshold current density increase. As the cavity length increases, the characteristic temperature increases and the temperature dependence becomes better. The characteristic temperature of a SCMQW laser is higher than that of a strain-compensated single quantum well (SCSQW) laser. Therefore, the temperature dependence of the SCMQW laser is better than that of the SCSQW laser. In addition, we find that in order to always keep 1.55 micrometers wavelength emission, certain relations exist among the well width, cavity length and temperature.
We designed some important parameters and analyzed loss characteristics of a 8X8 polymer arrayed waveguide granting multuplexer that operates around the wavelength of 1.55 micrometers and the wavelength spacing was 16nm. The total loss of the device includes the diffraction loss in the input and output (I/O) slab waveguides, bent loss caused by the AWG and 1/O channels, and leakage loss resulted from the high refractive index substrate. The effects of some structural parameters on the loss characteristics are investigated and discussed. The computed results show that when we select the core thickness as 4 micrometers , core width as 6 micrometers , pitch of adjacent waveguides as 15.5 micrometers , diffraction order number as 50, the number of the arrayed waveguides as 91, that the I/O channels as 8,confined layer thickness between the core and the substrate as 6 micrometers , distance between the focal point and the origin as 5500 micrometers , and central angle between the central waveguide and the vertical of the symmetrical line of the device as 60 deg, then the total loss of the device can be dropped to about 3.73 dB.
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