Optical transceivers often require multiple corner case test conditions in order to meet multiple source agreement (MSA)
specs. Typically, some tests need to be applied under multiple temperatures using temperature controller, resulting in
extensive test time and high manufacturing test cost. In this paper, we introduce machine learning based test
methodology for silicon photonics transceiver manufacturing test with large percentage (>90%) of test time reduction. In
order to reduce test time, the desire is to test at one temperature corner and apply machine learning techniques to
eliminate other temperature corners. We complied wide range of data set from various prerequisite tests and target test
data at temperature No.1 as input data set. Target test at temperature No.2 is employed for supervised learning
prediction. For production implementation simplicity, we used linear regression model with Tikhonov regularization [1]
and reached R2>0.97 of predicted value correlation with physical measurement value.
Whispering-Gallery-Mode (WGM) resonators are emerging as an excellent platform to study optical phenomena resulting from enhanced light-matter interactions due to their superior capability to confine photons for extended periods of time. The monolithic fabrication process to achieve ultra-high-Q WGM resonators without the need to align multiple optical components, as needed in traditional design of resonators based on precise arrangement of mirrors, is especially attractive. Here we explain how to process a layer of thin film doped with optical gain medium, which is prepared by wet chemical synthesis, into WGM structures on silicon wafer to achieve arrays of ultra-low threshold on-chip microlasers. We can adjust the dopant species and concentration easily by tailoring the chemical compositions in the precursor solution. Lasing in different spectral windows from visible to infrared was observed in the experiments. In particular, we investigated nanoparticle sensing applications of the on-chip WGM microlasers by taking advantages of the narrow linewidths and the splitting of lasing modes arising from their interactions with nano-scale structures. It has been found that a nanoparticle as small as ten nanometers in radius could split a lasing mode in a WGM resonator into two spectrally separated lasing lines. Subsequently, when these lasing lines are photo-mixed at a photodetector a heterodyne beat note is generated which can be processed to signal the detection of individual nanoparticles. We have demonstrated detection of virions, dielectric and metallic nanoparticles by monitoring the changes in this self-heterodyning beat note of the split lasing modes. The built-in self-heterodyne method achieved in this monolithic WGM microlaser provides an ultrasensitive scheme for detecting and measuring nanoparticles at single particle resolution, with a theoretical detection limit of one nanometer.
Whispering-Gallery-Mode (WGM) microresonators have shown great promise for ultra-sensitive and label-free chemical
and biological sensing. The linewidth of a resonant mode determines the smallest resolvable changes in the WGM
spectrum, which, in turn, affects the detection limit. The fundamental limit is set by the linewidth of the resonant mode
due to material absorption induced photon loss. We report a real-time detection method with single nanoparticle
resolution that surpasses the detection limit of most passive micro/nano photonic resonant devices. This is achieved by
using an on-chip WGM microcavity laser as the sensing element, whose linewidth is much narrower than its passive
counterpart due to optical gain in the resonant lasing mode. In this microlaser based sensing platform, the first binding
nanoparticle induces splitting of the lasing line, and the subsequent particles alter the amount of splitting, which can be
monitored by measuring the beat frequency of the split modes. We demonstrate detection of polystyrene and gold
nanoparticles as small as 15 nm and 10 nm in radius, respectively, and Influenza A virions. The built-in self-heterodyne
interferometric method achieved in the monolithic microlaser provides a self-referencing scheme with extraordinary
sensitivity, and paves the way for detection and spectroscopy of nano-scale objects using micro/nano lasers.
Ultra-sensitive and label-free chemical and biological sensing devices are of great importance to biomedical research,
clinical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and homeland security applications. Optical sensors based on ultra-highquality
Whispering-Gallery-Mode (WGM) micro-resonators, in which light-matter interactions are significantly
enhanced, have shown great promise in achieving compact sensors with high sensitivity and reliability. However,
traditional sensing mechanisms based on monitoring the frequency shift of a single resonance faces challenges since the
resonant frequency is sensitive not only to the sensing targets but also to many types of disturbances in the environment,
such as temperature variation and mechanical instability of the system. The analysis of the signals is also affected by the
positions of sensing targets on the resonator. Thus, it is difficult to distinguish signals coming from different sources,
which introduces 'false positive' detection. We report a novel self-reference sensing mechanism based on mode splitting,
a phenomenon in which a high-quality optical mode in a WGM resonator splits into two modes due to intra-cavity
Rayleigh scattering. In particular, we demonstrated that the two split modes that can be induced by a single nanoparticle
reside in the same resonator and serve as a reference to each other. As a result, a self-reference sensing scheme is
formed. This allows us to develop a position-independent sensing scheme to accurately estimate the sizes of
nanoparticles. So far we have achieved position-independent detecting and sizing of single nanoparticles down to 20 nm
in radius with a single-shot measurement using an on-chip high-quality WGM microtoroid resonator.
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