In this paper, we study a compact double wedge depolarizer for grating imaging spectrometers. Based on introduction of its working principle, the general relationship between polarization sensitivity of an optical system and the structural parameters of depolarizer is established by means of Muller matrix and Stokes vector. Through numerical analysis it is pointed out that the depolarizer has the best depolarization performance with appropriate crystal thickness when the angle of the first wedge crystal optical axis is 45° respect to grating groove orientation and the two optical axis of the crystal is mutually orthogonal. Finally, an example, a depolarizer for grating imaging spectrometers is designed and its performance is evaluated.
Astigmatism and distortion aberrations of conventional Offner-type imaging spectrometer with an in-plane diffraction grating will increase dramatically as its spectral dispersion width so that such spectroscopic mounting is usually suitable for such situation that both slit length and spectrum width are medium and that the spectrum width is less than the slit length. To short slit and high dispersion, novel conical diffraction Offner mounting is more appropriate. Based on the operation principle of this kind mounting, a set of optimized designs, which the focal ratio is 4,the spectral region from 400nm to 900nm, the slit length from 0.5mm to 1mm, and the dispersion width from 9.8mm to 28mm are obtained under the same optical size. To evaluate the imaging quality of the designed and to get the relation between slit length and dispersion width, the merit function and spectral response function are considered. The results show that conical diffraction Offner imaging spectrometers can image well while the spectrum width is less than the slit length, but no more than its 20 times.
In order to improve the detection accuracy and range of new generation of Forward Looking Infra-Red (FLIR) system for distant targets, its optical system, which usually consists of a fore afocal telescope and rear imaging lenses, is required to has wide spectral range, large entrance pupil aperture, and wide field of view (FOV). In this paper, a new afocal Three-Mirror Anastigmat (TMA) with widened field of view and high demagnification is suggested. Its mechanical structure remains coaxial, but it has zigzag optical axis through properly and slightly decentering and tilting of the three mirrors to avoid its secondary obscuration due to the third mirror as FOV increase. Compared with conventional off-axis TMA, the suggested zigzag-axis TMA is compact, easy-alignment and low-cost.
The design method and optimum result of the suggested afocal TMA is presented. Its initial structural parameters are determined with its first-order relationship and primary aberration theory. Slight and proper decentration and tilt of each mirror is leaded in optimization so that its coaxial mechanical structure is held but attainable FOV and demagnification are respectively as wide and as high as possible. As an example, a 5.5-demagnification zigzag-axis afocal TMA with a wavelength range, an entrance pupil diameter, and FOV respectively from 3μm to 12μm, of 320mm, and 2×3.2 degrees and with a real exit pupil, is designed. Its imaging quality is diffraction limited. It is suitable for fore afocal telescope of the so-called third generation FLIR.
Compact off-axial two-mirror fore objective with an ultra wide ground coverage and for spaceborne pushbroom imaging spectrometers is studied and designed. Based on Gaussian optics and Young's formulas, the approach to determine its initial structural parameters is presented. In order to meet the required performance, freeform surfaces are used to increase the degree of freedom of our optimization. And the impact of various X-Y polynomials on its pupil aberration is analyzed for elimination of too large smile effect. As an example, an off-axis two-mirror fore telescopic objective with field of view of 108° across-pushbroom direction, F number of 10, focal length of 34 mm and working wavelength range from 0.27 to 2.4 μm is optimally designed, which both the primary and the secondary mirrors have freeform surface. The designed lens has many advantages of simple and compact structure, imagery telecentricity, near diffraction-limited imaging quality, and small smile effect.
A star tracker optical imaging system is designed for Polaris detection. System parameters determination and its configuration chosen method are given. Based on Macsutov-Cassegrain configuration, the system is designed imagery tele-centric. It works at 0.6μm~1.1μm waveband and the view field is 0.5 degree. The tube length of the system is 80mm, which is only 8 percent of its focal length. Its MTF reaches diffraction limit and the spot diagrams are quit near a circle. About 80% of the energy is encircled in a CCD pixel. And the distortion is less than 1%. Moreover, it has a perfect thermal adaptability from -40℃ to 60℃.
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